The Theory of Good Wobble
Trauma research shows that the old adage “Whatever doesn’t kill you will make
you stronger” is rarely true. The more Adverse Childhood Experiences you have,
the more likely you are to suffer from later psychological and physical illness.
Still, no one waltzes through life without some stress and adversity. And a lack
of adversity is not really optimal for healthy development.
At the University at Buffalo, associate professor of psychology Mark D.
Seery, PhD, has been searching for the upside of adversity, asking whether some
stress exposure might make people stronger over the long term. Seery had
hundreds of patients who suffered from chronic, debilitating back pain complete
a survey about their lifetime exposure to thirty-seven different types of stressful
experiences.
The questionnaire included serious childhood event categories such as a
“forced separation from family,” or parents’ divorce, as well as sexual and
physical abuse, all of which echo well-established Adverse Childhood
Experiences categories. But he also included a wider range of possible losses
and stressors—more ubiquitous stressors such as having experienced the “death
of a grandparent,” “being discriminated against,” or witnessing the “serious
illness of a loved one.”
Patients who cited a high degree of adversity as children or teens were more
likely as adults to frequently visit doctors for chronic back pain. They were also
more likely to seek treatment for anxiety or depression.
These findings were in line with other research, but Seery found one
surprising difference. “Patients who had experienced absolutely no prior
adversity in their childhood fared just as poorly as those who had experienced
high levels of adversity,” he says. In other words, those participants who had a
score of 0 on all childhood adversity questions—including the mild stressors
Seery had included—were just as likely to be deeply disabled by their back pain
and seek treatment for anxiety or depression as were those who had experienced
significant levels of adversity when they were young.
On the other hand, patients who had met up with
some
adversity when they
were young, but not too much, were the least likely to be disabled due to back
pain later in life, or to later seek treatment for anxiety or depression.
There seemed to be a kind of Goldilocks sweet spot: experiencing just the
right dose of hardship as a child or teenager—not too much and not too little—
helped build coping skills, resilience, and perspective to meet the challenge of
dealing with debilitating, chronic pain later on in one’s adult life.
This led Seery to “the idea that experiencing some degree of difficulty can be
a good thing, it can prepare us in ways we don’t completely understand for later
difficulties.”
Why did Seery find this upside to adversity in his study, when the same silver
lining doesn’t appear in Adverse Childhood Experience research? Seery suspects
that while “Adverse Childhood Experience research asks respondents about ten
big categories of serious traumatic experiences, when we focus on only the most
traumatic human experiences, we may miss some folks who have had some
trauma, but across a broader array of categories. We miss finding out whether
some measure of adversity can actually lead to later resilience.”
So Seery tested his hypothesis in another way. He asked respondents to hold
their hands in a bucket of very cold water for five minutes. Those who reported a
moderate number of negative life events showed less response to physical pain.
Seery also had them take a high-stakes test in the lab. And this same group was
less likely to have a higher stress response when test taking.
This group also reported less emotional distress and a greater degree of life
satisfaction than those who’d experienced a high degree of ACE-like adversity
as well as those who’d reported having had no negative life events.
Having faced moderate stress in the past seemed to help individuals cope with
newly occurring stressors happening in the here and now, says Seery. “They
seemed to have gained a sense that when bad things happen that doesn’t mean
it’s always going to be that bad.”
People with no adversity as well as people with a history of high adversity
were more likely to be undone by whatever life threw at them, be it chronic back
pain, new stressful life events, having their hand submerged in cold water, or
taking a high-stakes test. They were the elephants who wobbled while trying to
balance the weight they carried, the elephants who were more likely to fall over.
But folks who met up with a moderate number of modestly stressful early
adverse life events reported feeling less distress about their lives, showed fewer
signs of stress when they encountered new adversity, and had a much higher
sense of life satisfaction over time. For these individuals, says Seery, “the
adverse events in their past have helped them transition into having more
resilience to deal with future events.” Their experiences have given them optimal
resiliency and well-being. They wobble but they don’t fall down.
“Negative life experiences can toughen people, making them better able to
manage subsequent difficulties,” says Seery. “People who have been through
difficult experiences have had a chance to develop an ability to cope.”
This is not to imply that Adverse Childhood Experiences “do good.” They don’t.
Exposing a child to unpredictable chronic stress causes the body to churn out
inflammatory stress hormones igniting a state of chronic physical and neural-
inflammation and disease. But moderate stress may be grist for resiliency when
it’s not deeply personal, chronic, and perpetrated by someone you love.
In other words, watching a grandparent die is stressful, but clearly not your
fault. You will likely feel bereft and sad, but are unlikely to interpret it as an
event that occurred because you yourself are somehow bad or wrong. The
problem isn’t about you and who you are.
Recently Jack Shonkoff, MD, director of the Center on the Developing Child
and professor at Harvard University, has examined the scientific evidence for the
“toxic stress response”—the impact of childhood hardship on brain development
and on the development of disease later in life.
“We’re at a tipping point in the development of this biological revolution,”
Shonkoff said at a 2012 forum on toxic stress. “We now understand, in a way we
never did before, how early experience literally gets into the body and affects the
development of the brain, the cardiovascular system, the immune system, and
metabolic systems.”
“We’re not talking about the need to eliminate stress,” he explains. “In
children’s lives, learning to deal with normative stress is part of healthy
development.” Normative stress helps kids learn to seek out resourceful
strategies, self-soothe, recover, and build the biological capacities for resilience.
Toxic stress, however, occurs when a child’s stress response systems are
activated in the absence of supportive, calming relationships, and stay activated
for prolonged periods of time, when that’s “basically what life is usually like for
a child. This is not the stress associated with a bad day. This is the stress
associated with chronic activation of systems that disrupt brain circuits as
they’re developing, and wear the body down.”
Toxic stressors don’t toughen up a child—they break down a child’s or
adolescent’s brain so that the child is less able, throughout life, to handle the
next thing, and the next. The difference between character-building experiences
and toxic stress is really pretty clear.
It’s so clear, in fact, that I’ll refer to chronic unpredictable toxic stress as
childhood CUTS.
A number of factors play into why some children are likely to be more
affected by childhood CUTS than others.
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