Value Diversity: Diversity of faculty, and staff is important for high perform-
ing SIA for at least three reasons. First, several studies (Chatman, et al., 1993;
Watson, Kumar, and Michaelsen, 1993) have shown that, when diversity is man-
aged properly, diverse work teams are more effective, efficient, and produce higher
quality solutions than their homogeneous counterparts. Tsui, Egan and O’Reilly
(1992) do an excellent job of reviewing the available literature on this issue. They
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High Performing Schools and Institutes of Administration: The Role …
point out that there is evidence that diverse work groups are beneficial for tasks
requiring creativity and judgement (Jackson, 1991), but there is also evidence that
homogeneous groups are more likely to be socially integrated and experience higher
satisfaction and lower turnover (O’Reilly, Caldwell, & Barnett, 1989).
How does an organization create a situation where the functional consequences
of workforce diversity are manifested instead of the dysfunctional? One suggestion
is to look at the organizational culture. Chatman, et. al., (1993) concluded that in
organizations that were characterized by the collective dimension of Hofstede’s
Individualistic-Collective Dimension of Culture (Hofstede, 1980), heterogeneous
work groups performed better in terms of creativity, having beneficial conflict,
degree of interaction and participation and timeliness of task completion. In
“Individualistic” organizations, however, heterogeneous groups did not perform
as well as homogeneous work groups. Hernandez (1992) reports that one charac-
teristic of organizations that maximize the potential of their diverse workforce is
the presence of effective “Valuing Diversity” programs.
Secondly, the concept of “representative bureaucracy” (Dolan, 2002; Dolan
2000; Riccucci and Saidel, 1997; Kranz, 1976; Meier, and Nigro, 1976; Krislov,
(1974); Kingsley, 1944) holds that the demographic composition of the staff of
an organization should mirror the demographic composition of the general public.
In this way, the preferences of a heterogeneous population will be represented in
organizational decision making (Riccucci and Saidel, 1997). That is, a female faculty
member with dependent children is more likely to hold values and be sensitive to
the experiences of a female student with the same responsibilities.
Finally, high performing SIA’s need a diversified faculty and staff because of the
need for vicarious self-efficacy. Bandura (1977) speculates on what are the sources
of information for the development of self-efficacy (the belief that one has the
capacity for producing a desired result or effect). Self-efficacy is an important
element in individual performance, since the belief that one has the capacity for
producing a desired result is vital for motivation (see Vroom’s Expectancy-Valancy
Theory of Motivation, 1964), and performance is, in part, a function of motivation
(Steers & Black, 1994).
Bandura (1971) believes that the most important source of information concern-
ing self-efficacy is personal performance and accomplishment because it is based on
personal mastery experiences. Successes raise mastery expectations. However, people
do not rely on experienced mastery as the sole source of information concerning
their level of self-efficacy. Many expectations are derived from vicarious experience.
Seeing others perform activities successfully can generate expectations in observers
that they too will improve if they intensify and persist in the efforts.
If people of widely differing characteristics can succeed, than observers have
a reasonable basis for increasing their own sense of self-efficacy. “Central to this
theory is the concept of vicarious learning. Vicarious learning is learning that
takes place through the imitation of other [role models]. That is, we observe and
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