Russian Mathematics Education



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[Mathematics Education 5] Alexander Karp, Bruce R. Vogeli (editors) - Russian Mathematics Education Programs and Practices (Mathematics Education) (2011, World Scientific Publishing Company)

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On Algebra Education

in Russian Schools

Liudmila Kuznetsova, Elena Sedova,

Svetlana Suvorova, Saule Troitskaya

Institute on Educational Content and Methods, Moscow, Russia

1

Algebra as a School Subject

Algebra as a science has undergone a whole series of transformations,

which have radically changed its content. For Newton, algebra was “the

universal arithmetic,” which used letter notations to solve arithmetic

problems. For Bertrand, “algebra is aimed at shortening, making

more precise, and in particular simplifying the solutions of questions

that can be posed concerning numbers” (Goncharov, 1958, p. 41).

For Lagrange, “algebra may be seen as the science of functions;

however, in algebra only those functions are investigated which derive

from arithmetic operations, generalized and transposed into letters”

(Goncharov, 1958, p. 41).

By the end of the 19th century, the view of algebra as the study of

integral rational functions became firmly established in science; it was

from this perspective that the university course in “Advanced Algebra”

was taught. By the middle of the 20th century, the science of algebra

had taken a new step: relying on set-theoretical premises and using

the axiomatic approach, it declared its problem to be “the study of

‘arithmetic’ operations, performed on objects of an arbitrary nature

(‘group,’ ‘ring,’ ‘field’)” (Goncharov, 1958, p. 41).

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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices

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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices

The content of “Algebra” as a school course studied in Russian

schools includes the foundations of the science of algebra in each of

the interpretations given to it by Newton, Lagrange, and Bertrand;

however, at the present time the meaning of the subject “Algebra” is

not limited to these interpretations. Of course, the school course in

algebra does not involve studying algebra at the level of operations on

abstract objects. But its contents are expanded due to the inclusion of

the foundations of related branches of mathematics. At present,

“Algebra” as an academic subject studied in grades 5–9, as well as its

sequel “Algebra and Elementary Calculus,” which is studied in grades

10–11, constitute “conglomerate” subjects, addressing basic probabil-

ity theory, calculus, and analytic geometry, no less than basic algebra.

These school subjects acquired such a form mainly as a result of

the influence of the content of education in institutions of higher

learning, which is increasingly becoming a form of mass education

among young people, and in which calculus, analytic geometry, and

probability theory invariably occupy places of paramount importance.




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