4
On Algebra Education
in Russian Schools
Liudmila Kuznetsova, Elena Sedova,
Svetlana Suvorova, Saule Troitskaya
Institute on Educational Content and Methods, Moscow, Russia
1
Algebra as a School Subject
Algebra as a science has undergone a whole series of transformations,
which have radically changed its content. For Newton, algebra was “the
universal arithmetic,” which used letter notations to solve arithmetic
problems. For Bertrand, “algebra is aimed at shortening, making
more precise, and in particular simplifying the solutions of questions
that can be posed concerning numbers” (Goncharov, 1958, p. 41).
For Lagrange, “algebra may be seen as the science of functions;
however, in algebra only those functions are investigated which derive
from arithmetic operations, generalized and transposed into letters”
(Goncharov, 1958, p. 41).
By the end of the 19th century, the view of algebra as the study of
integral rational functions became firmly established in science; it was
from this perspective that the university course in “Advanced Algebra”
was taught. By the middle of the 20th century, the science of algebra
had taken a new step: relying on set-theoretical premises and using
the axiomatic approach, it declared its problem to be “the study of
‘arithmetic’ operations, performed on objects of an arbitrary nature
(‘group,’ ‘ring,’ ‘field’)” (Goncharov, 1958, p. 41).
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
The content of “Algebra” as a school course studied in Russian
schools includes the foundations of the science of algebra in each of
the interpretations given to it by Newton, Lagrange, and Bertrand;
however, at the present time the meaning of the subject “Algebra” is
not limited to these interpretations. Of course, the school course in
algebra does not involve studying algebra at the level of operations on
abstract objects. But its contents are expanded due to the inclusion of
the foundations of related branches of mathematics. At present,
“Algebra” as an academic subject studied in grades 5–9, as well as its
sequel “Algebra and Elementary Calculus,” which is studied in grades
10–11, constitute “conglomerate” subjects, addressing basic probabil-
ity theory, calculus, and analytic geometry, no less than basic algebra.
These school subjects acquired such a form mainly as a result of
the influence of the content of education in institutions of higher
learning, which is increasingly becoming a form of mass education
among young people, and in which calculus, analytic geometry, and
probability theory invariably occupy places of paramount importance.
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