6.2
Visual and Informal Geometry in the Study
of Three-dimensional Geometry in Basic Schools
“Draw different polyhedra with five vertices.” In order to solve this
problem, students do not need, as we have already pointed out above, a
formal definition of a polyhedron or a long discussion on what is meant
by the word “different” (this can always be explained if necessary).
Meanwhile, this problem is useful for developing students’ spatial
notions and their mathematical imagination in general.
Such a problem can be given to a seventh grader and sometimes
even to a sixth grader. Today’s programs assign a place to such
problems, such as in grades 5 and 6, when covering the topic “Visual
Geometry.” The textbook by Dorofeev and Sharygin (2002), for
example, acquaints students with the concept of axial symmetry and
symmetry with respect to a plane, asks them to think about why a right
parallelepiped always has three planes of symmetry, and even asks them
to investigate whether the plane that passes through the diagonals of
the opposite faces of a cube is the cube’s plane of symmetry. No formal
proofs are given here, and a great deal simply relies on pictures, but
even so some deductive arguments emerge.
The informal element must play a role in subsequent studies as
well. One of the advantages of geometry is that it is a field in which
it is natural to give (literally, to show) examples, to think about which
pictures are possible and which pictures are impossible, to make models
with one’s own hands — again, literally — and thus to overcome the
abstractness of mathematics, and so on. All of this must be done not
only in grades 5 and 6, but also in all subsequent grades.
The informal element, including the informal study of three-
dimensional geometry, has had a complicated history in Russian
schools. In the first years after the Revolution, following the recom-
mendations of the international reform movement, it received a great
deal of attention. Then it was sharply scaled down (almost destroyed),
on the grounds that it was not able to give the children any sound
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knowledge, but only distracted them from the main thrust of the course
(Karp, 2010). Today, attention is again returning to the informal study
of geometry in general, and to the early and informal study of solid
geometry in particular.
How should this be done, however? How should visual represen-
tations be developed without forfeiting deductive logic? How should
solid geometry be introduced early on in the course without weakening
attention to plane geometry? As we have already pointed out, one
approach has been simply to add a solid geometry chapter to the
course in plane geometry. There have also been attempts to combine
the two courses, as described above. A good teacher will never pass
up an opportunity to show the figure that is being studied, even a
two-dimensional one, in the surrounding world, which is a three-
dimensional world — thus automatically connecting the planar with
the spatial. In any case, if the study of geometry has been “rigorous”
for a thousand years, then attempts to study it informally at the school
level have a far shorter history. Meanwhile, informal study is in many
respects no less important, both as preparation for formal study and as
a way of developing students.
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