6.3
The New and the Old in the Teaching
of Geometry
Alexandrov was, as we have already noted, a committed supporter of
the classic geometric method, which goes back to Euclid. Nonetheless,
he formulated proofs that were fundamentally new in school geometry.
One of them is given below.
The classic school theorem “a line
L that is not perpendicular or
parallel to plane
P (an inclined straight line) is perpendicular to a line M
in plane
P if and only if the projection of L onto plane P is perpendicular
to
M” has usually been proven using congruent triangles. In Kiselev’s
textbook, for example, this was done as follows (Fig. 4):
Let AB be a perpendicular to plane
P, AC an inclined straight line,
and BC the projection of that straight line onto plane
P. On the
straight line, let us mark off equal segments CE and CD from point
C and connect points D and E with points A and B. Now we can see
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Fig. 4.
that if AC
⊥ DE, it follows that ADE is an isosceles triangle, from
which in turn follows the congruence
BD = BE, and because of
the properties of an isosceles triangle this means that BC
⊥ DE. If
it is given that BC
⊥ DE, practically the same argument leads to the
conclusion that AC
⊥ DE.
In place of this proof, Alexandrov suggested the following argu-
ment, which is based on the notion of distance and the following
proposition: the minimum value of the distance from point A, lying
outside a straight line, to the points of this straight line is found at
a point that is the base of the perpendicular dropped from A to this
straight line.
Let us take a variable point
X on the given straight line and consider
the two values AX
2
and BX
2
. The triangle
ABX is a right triangle.
Therefore, AX
2
= AB
2
+ BX
2
. Therefore, the values AX
2
and BX
2
differ by a constant term. Therefore, these quantities have their least
values simultaneously — for the same point,
X. If X is the base
of a perpendicular dropped from
A, then it is also the base of the
perpendicular dropped from
B and vice versa. (Fig. 5)
What is important is not so much that Alexandrov’s proof is shorter
than Kiselev’s (for students, the former is unlikely to be easier than the
latter), but that it makes it possible to understand in a new way the
essence of a classic theorem — that the theorem is about shortest
distances — and in this capacity may be applied and generalized.
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
Fig. 5.
In giving this new proof, Alexandrov proceeded as a modern
geometer, who is not confined to thinking in terms of Euclid’s
categories and methods. Attempting to generalize what has happened
over the course history, one could say, with all the necessary qualifica-
tions, that in school-level instruction there has been a strand oriented
toward the geometry of figures and another strand oriented toward
the geometry of functions. The former — which stems, for example,
from Euclid — finds the basic content of the subject to consist of the
examination and study of the various figures that surround us and their
interrelations; the latter, which stems from Klein, and in a certain sense
from Descartes, pays the greatest attention to the functions that are
important in geometry — geometric transformations. It is likely not by
accident that Kolmogorov, who contributed possibly to all branches of
20th century mathematics, inclined toward the latter approach, which
connects geometry with other mathematical disciplines, while the
geometers Alexandrov and Pogorelov probably found greater affinity
with the former, purely geometric approach.
In saying this, however, we must stress that talking about the purity
of an approach, so to speak, is completely out of place in this context.
The attempt to transform school geometry into a part of some general
mathematical theory about functions, matrices, and so on — although
it might gladden the research mathematician due to its generality —
deprives the student of the experience of direct investigation and
reasoning. On the other hand, it would be strange to deliberately
conceal from the students the new understanding that has come from
the development of science.
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What is old, traditional, and Euclidean is supplemented in Russian
textbooks with what is new and post-Euclidean. This is accomplished
in various ways, and one can argue about the relationship and balance
between these two sides of the curriculum. Transformations, vectors,
and coordinates, in the opinion of the authors of this chapter, must
have a definite place in the school course, although second-generation
standards devote little attention to them. On the other hand, we
also believe that studies should begin, as history did, not with these
materials, but with Euclidean methods. But what is perhaps more
important than adding comparatively or even genuinely new sections
to the traditional material is to read the classic material in a new way.
The degree to which it will be possible to connect traditions
accumulated over the centuries with new mathematical conceptions
and new pedagogical and social demands will define the development
of school geometry in Russia in the 21st century.
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