Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
also in his textbooks (Sharygin, 1997, 1999). The annotations to them
state:
The new textbook in geometry for ordinary schools embodies the
author’s visual–empirical conception of a school course in geom-
etry. This is expressed first and foremost in the rejection of the
axiomatic approach. Axioms, of course, are present, but they are
not foregrounded. Greater attention, by comparison with traditional
textbooks, is devoted to techniques for solving geometric problems.
(Sharygin, 1997, p. 2)
Addressing the students, Sharygin writes:
Far from all students feel a great love for mathematics. Some are not
too good at carrying out arithmetic operations, have a poor grasp
of percentages, and in general have reached the conclusion that they
have no mathematical abilities. I have good news for them: geometry
is not exactly mathematics. At least, it’s not the mathematics with
which you have had to deal up to now. Geometry is a subject for
those who like to daydream, draw, and look at pictures, those who
know how to observe, notice, and draw conclusions. (Sharygin, 1997,
pp. 3–4)
Sharygin’s textbooks are full of illustrations, including the works of
M. C. Escher, Victor Vasarely, and Anatoly Fomenko. The mathemati-
cal content of his textbooks, however, is quite traditional. In his posthu-
mously published article “Do Twenty-First Century Schools Need
Geometry?” Shargyin (2004) identified three basic types of courses
that taught anti-geometry (false geometry and pseudogeometry). The
first type is built on a formal–logical (axiomatic) foundation; the second
type is the practical–applied course with a narrowly pragmatic profile;
and about the third type he wrote: “And yet I am convinced that the
coordinate method (along with trigonometry) constitutes one of the
most effective means for ruining geometry, and even for destroying
geometry” (p. 75). Nonetheless, both axioms (basic properties) and
trigonometry with coordinates are to a certain degree present in his
textbooks as well.
Sharygin introduced into his textbooks sections that were usually
not included in textbooks for ordinary schools (he did, however, mark
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On the Teaching of GeometryGeometry in Russia
115
them with an asterisk to indicate that they are optional and not part of
the mandatory program). For example, the textbook for grades 10 and
11 discusses the Schwarz boot, and in its chapter on regular polyhedra
half of the sections are optional, including a section explaining that the
number of regular polyhedra is finite.
5.4.2
The textbooks of I. M. Smirnova and V. A. Smirnov
In contrast to Sharygin, the authors of these textbooks (Smirnova
and Smirnov, 2001a, 2001b), professors at Moscow Pedagogical
University, emphasize their adherence to the axiomatic approach.
A note in their textbook Geometry 7 states:
The textbook is based on the axiomatic approach to structuring a
course in geometry and corresponds to the mathematics program
in ordinary schools. In addition to classical plane geometry, topics
in spatial geometry, contemporary geometry, and popular-scientific
geometry have been included in it as supplementary material.
(Smirnova and Smirnov, 2001a, p. 2)
The content of the course is wholly traditional (in particular,
the authors once again return to Kiselev’s approach to the defining
similarity, presenting a theorem about the proportionality of segments
cut off by parallel straight lines from the sides of an angle, a theorem
that is effectively unprovable in school). This textbook contains fewer
problems than, for example, the one by Atanasyan et al.
The authors strive to make their geometry textbooks interesting
and entertaining. The following words are printed on the covers of
the textbooks: “Geometry is not hard. Geometry is beautiful.” These
textbooks probably contain even more optional sections than the one
by Sharygin (1999). Thus, at the end of seventh grade, six optional
sections are given: “Parabola,” “Ellipse,” “Hyperbola,” “Graphs,”
“Euler’s Theorem,” and “The Four-Color Problem.” The textbook
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