Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
triangles, and of much else, are what they are in Kiselev and even what
they are in Euclid. The theorem about the intersection point of two
diagonals, which we examined above as an example, was once again
reunited with its old proof from Kiselev’s textbook, which relied on
the congruence of triangles and never raised the question of whether
the diagonals intersected at all. All of this was known and familiar to
teachers, to students, and to students’ parents.
Certain innovations appeared in the discussion of similarity. Kiselev,
following French models (Barbin, 2009), had departed from the
Euclidean principle of using areas to prove theorems about relations
between the lengths of segments. As a consequence, the theorems on
which the basic propositions about similar triangles relied turned out
to be very difficult: Pogorelov had made one such theorem a required
part of his course (in his formulation, it read as follows: the cosine of
an angle depends only on the angle’s degree measure), but in practice
it turned out that students did not understand it. The textbook of
Atanasyan et al. (just like the textbook of Alexandrov and his coauthors,
which will be discussed below) returns to the spirit, if not the letter,
of Euclid’s approach, using areas to prove theorems about similarity.
This noticeably simplified the course, not to mention the fact that
introducing the concept of area early on made discussions of many
geometric ideas and problems more accessible earlier than they had
been previously.
The chapters devoted to post-Euclidean geometry are arguably
more open to criticism. For example, according to what we have
observed, the concluding chapter of the course in plane geometry,
“Rigid Motion,” is almost never studied in school in practice (the
key section concerning the relationship between the concept of rigid
motion, introduced in this chapter, and the concept of congruence,
examined earlier, is marked with an asterisk, which denotes that
material in the section is optional). Moreover, the idea of discussing
transformations of the plane after all else in the course has been covered
might itself give rise to objections.
On the other hand, the range of problems offered in the textbook
of Atanasyan and his coauthors is rich and convenient for teachers.
These problems, along with good methodological supporting materials
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On the Teaching of GeometryGeometry in Russia
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(teachers’ manuals), appear to have been one of the most important
reasons for the success of this textbook. Every section is accompanied
by problems. Often, two similar problems are given in a row: one
of them is solved by the teacher in class, and the other is assigned
as homework. Each chapter also contains additional problems, and
at the end of each class there is a set of more difficult problems.
Questions for review follow each chapter. In addition to problems,
practical assignments accompany some sections, when appropriate.
Answers to problems and hints for some solutions appear at the end of
the textbook.
5.3.3
The textbooks of A. D. Alexandrov
and his coauthors
The manuscript of the geometry textbook for grades 7–9 by A. D.
Alexandrov and his coauthors was characterized by the nationwide
competition committee as follows: “It is distinguished by its untradi-
tional treatment of a number of topics, by the liveliness and readability
of its language, by the overall orientation of its exercises toward
students’ development” (Konkurs, 1988, p. 49).
Indeed, if the traditional view was that a geometry textbook should
be laconic and dry, then the authors of this textbook (Alexandrov et al.,
1983, 1992, 1992, 2006), and above all Alexandrov himself, strove to
speak to the teacher and the students in a completely different language,
not only explaining various propositions to them but also discussing
their content and meaning. Below, for example, is a brief excerpt from
the section of the textbook in which Alexandrov explains the meaning
of the Pythagorean theorem:
The Pythagorean theorem is also remarkable because in itself it is
not at all obvious. If you look closely, for example, at an isosceles
triangle with an added median, then you will be able to see directly
all of the properties that are formulated in the theorem that deals
with it. But no matter how long you look at a right triangle, you will
never see that its sides stand in this simple relation to one another:
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