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On Algebra Education in Russian Schools
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of students of ages 10–11 and 12–15: these are grades 5–6 and
grades 7–9. In grades 5–6, algebraic questions are included in an
integrated course in mathematics, in which students continue to study
positive integers and are introduced to fractions and decimals, positive
and negative numbers, computational techniques, and elementary
geometric concepts. In grades 7–9, algebraic questions are examined in
a course which, in contrast to the course for grades 5–6, is considered a
systematic course. It is called “Algebra,” although, as has already been
stated above, strictly algebraic material forms only a part of its content.
The Standard does not require that the content be distributed into
these two stages. The requirements formulated in the Standard pertain
to the outcome of the course, i.e. they indicate the objectives that must
be met by the end of ninth grade, without prescribing the objectives
of the first stage. This makes it possible for schools to use different
systems of textbooks, all of which meet the Standard’s requirements,
but which differ from one another in their methodological approaches
and the way they distribute the material between the two stages — and
these differences can be substantial.
To convey an idea of the various approaches to presenting algebra
in basic school, in the following we will examine, and when necessary
compare, approaches that are embodied in two systems of textbooks.
One of them consists of textbooks by Vilenkin et al. (2007, 2008)
and Makarychev et al. (2009a, 2009b, 2009c) for grades 5–6 and
7–9, respectively. Although these textbooks were created by different
teams of contributors, certain connections exist between them, and
they are often used in succession in teaching practice as part of the
same sequence. Also crucial is the circumstance that both of their
first editions were prepared in the 1970s on the basis of the same
pedagogical ideology, which was put forward during a period of radical
reforms in mathematics education, whose ideological leader was the
academician Andrey Kolmogorov. It must be said that in its time this
series of textbooks made a significant progressive contribution to the
system of mathematics education in the schools of our country. Here,
we will not discuss all of the innovations that they introduced or their
numerous positive aspects, since this is not the subject of this chapter.
We will merely note that many ideas developed by the authors of these
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
textbooks became the classic heritage of Russian methodology and have
preserved their relevance to this day. However, as far as the algebraic
material is concerned, in our opinion, from the point of view of contem-
porary pedagogy, the solution offered in these textbooks is not optimal.
Over the intervening decades, these textbooks have been repeatedly
reworked in accordance with changes in programs, which followed
certain international trends. But these changes had the least impact on
algebra, and the approaches to its presentation have not undergone
any radical change. At present, these textbooks are in high demand in
schools. Of all textbooks, they are the most widely used, although this
may be due in part to the conservatism of teachers and their adherence
to established traditions.
The other group consists of textbooks by Dorofeev, Sharygin,
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