Russian Mathematics Education


Equations and inequalities



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[Mathematics Education 5] Alexander Karp, Bruce R. Vogeli (editors) - Russian Mathematics Education Programs and Practices (Mathematics Education) (2011, World Scientific Publishing Company)

Equations and inequalities.

Solving rational, exponential, logarith-

mic equations and inequalities. Solving irrational and trigonometric

equations and inequalities.

Basic techniques for solving systems of equations: substitution, alge-

braic addition, introducing new variables. The equivalence of equa-

tions, inequalities, systems. Solving systems of elementary equations

with two unknowns. Solving systems of inequalities with one variable.

Proving inequalities. The inequality of the arithmetic and geomet-

ric means of two numbers.

Using the properties and graphs of functions in solving equations

and inequalities. The interval method. Representing the solution sets

of equations and inequalities with two variables, and systems of such

equations and inequalities, in the coordinate plane.

Applying mathematical methods to solve substantive problems

from other areas of science and life. Interpreting results, taking real

limitations into account.

After studying algebra in basic school, students must be able to:

• form literal expressions and formulas based on the conditions

given in problems; perform number substitutions in expressions

and formulas, and carry out the corresponding computations;

substitute one expression for another; express one variable in

formulas in terms of the others;

• perform basic operations with powers with integer expo-

nents, with polynomials, and with algebraic fractions; fac-

tor polynomials; perform identity transformations of rational

expressions;

• solve linear, quadratic equations, and rational equations that can

be reduced to them, systems of two linear equations and simple

nonlinear systems;

• solve linear and quadratic inequalities with one variable and

systems of such inequalities;

• represent numbers as points on the number line;

• determine the coordinates of a point in the plane, to construct

points with given coordinates; represent the set of solutions to a

linear inequality;




March 9, 2011

15:2


9in x 6in

Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices

b1073-ch04

On Algebra Education in Russian Schools

137


use the acquired knowledge and skills in order to:

• use formulas to perform computation tasks, and derive formulas

that express dependencies between real magnitudes;

• model practical situations and study the constructed models using

the algebraic apparatus;

• describe dependencies between physical magnitudes through

appropriate formulas when investigating simple practical situa-

tions.


After studying algebra in high school at the basic level, students

must be able to:

• use known formulas and rules in order to transform literal

expressions that contain powers, radicals, and logarithms;

• compute the values of algebraic expressions, performing the

necessary substitutions and transformations;

• solve equations and elementary systems of equations, using the

properties of functions and their graphs;

• solve rational, exponential, and logarithmic equations and

inequalities, elementary irrational and trigonometric equations,

and systems of such equations;

• form equations and inequalities based on the conditions given in

a problem;

• use the graphical method to obtain approximate solutions to

equations and inequalities;

• represent the solution sets of elementary equations and systems

of such equations in the coordinate plane;

use the acquired knowledge and skills in order to:

• perform practical computation tasks using formulas, including

formulas that contain powers, radicals, logarithms, and trigono-

metric functions, relying on reference materials and simple com-

puting devices if necessary;

• construct and investigate elementary mathematical models.

After studying algebra in high school at the advanced level, students

must be able to:

• use concepts connected with the divisibility of integers in order

to solve mathematical problems;




March 9, 2011

15:2


9in x 6in

Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices

b1073-ch04

138


Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices

• find the roots of polynomials with one variable, to factor polyno-

mials;

• carry out transformations of numerical and literal expressions



that contain powers, radicals, logarithms, and trigonometric

functions;

• solve equations, systems of equations, and inequalities, using the

properties of functions and their graphic representations;

• prove simple inequalities;

• solve word problems by formulating equations and inequalities,

and take into account the limitations specified in the conditions

given in the problems when interpreting the results;

• represent the solution sets of equations and inequalities with two

variables, and of systems of such equations and inequalities, in the

coordinate plane;

• use the graphical method in order to find approximate solutions

to equations and systems of equations;

• solve equations, inequalities, and systems of equations and

inequalities by relying on graphic representations, the properties

of functions, and derivatives;

use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and

everyday life in order to:

• perform practical computation tasks using formulas, including

formulas that contain powers, radicals, logarithms, and trigono-

metric functions, relying on reference materials and simple com-

puting devices if necessary;

• use functions to describe and investigate real-world dependencies,

representing them graphically; interpret the graphs of real-world

processes;

• construct and investigate elementary mathematical models.




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