3.2
The Monographical Method of Learning
the Numbers
This method was devised by the German methodologist A. Grube
3
(1816–1884) and is based on the idea of I. G. Pestalozzi (1746–
1827) that placed visualization at “the basis of all knowledge.” Grube’s
system gave primacy of place to the “principle of a comprehensive
study of numbers,” with a “contemplation of number.” Each number
was related to and measured against its predecessors by means of
subtraction or division. Students were not taught the decimal numer-
ation system, arithmetical operations, or applications of arithmetic in
everyday life. Lankov (1951) wrote:
The study of arithmetic according to Grube’s method is tedious and
“dulls the wits” of the students. Having learned several numbers,
they come to expect nothing other than the same sad prospect of
endless combinations without any pause for reflection upon material
covered. The sense of eternal monotony weakens the students’ resolve
and destroys their interest. (p. 50)
V. A. Evtushevsky
4
(1838–1888) adapted Grube’s method for
Russian schools: children studied in detail the numbers 1 through 20,
as well as those numbers under 100 that have a few prime divisors
(24, 30, 32, etc.). Numbers over 100 were studied later in relation
to arithmetical operations. The simplicity of Evtushevsky’s approach
(from the teacher’s perspective) made it generally popular,
5
although
this approach was later criticized.
3
Grube’s Guidebook for Counting in Elementary Schools, Based on the Heuristic Method
(first German edition in 1842) was published in G. F. Ewald’s Russian translation in
1873.
4
V. A. Evtushevsky, Exercise Book in Arithmetic (1872) and Methodology of Arithmetic
(1872).
5
D. L. Volkovksy (1869–1934) attempted to resurrect this method for teaching
numbers in Russia in his book A Child’s World in Numbers (1913–1916).
March 9, 2011
15:1
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch02
44
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
At the same time, Evtushevsky was one of the first to emphasize
the developmental and formative significance of mathematical edu-
cation. He saw its developmental power in the study of the theory
and mechanisms of calculation, and in the application of theoretical
knowledge to practical exercises. The mechanism of calculation is
“a language, by means of which mathematics expresses its ideas,
poses and answers its questions” (Evtushevsky, 1872, p. 24). The
application of this language and theoretical foundations to practical
problems was, according to Evtushevsky, the most significant instance
of the pedagogical effect that the study of mathematics had upon the
development of students’ cognitive skills. Unfortunately, it appears
that the majority of Evtushevsky’s general principles were not realized
in his handbooks, where he had applied his talents to improving a
fundamentally flawed “method of learning the numbers.”
The battle against this formal method was waged for some time by
many Russian educators (A. I. Goldenberg, V. A. Latyshev) and other
members of various intellectual circles.
6
A. I. Goldenberg (1837–1902)
had made a decisive contribution to the struggle. In two articles,
7
he subjected Evtushevsky’s method to a detailed analysis and harsh
criticism, demonstrating the groundlessness of Grube’s assumption
that all numbers under 100 are accessible to direct “observation” and
that all other numbers may be reduced to the first 100 (Lankov, 1951).
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |