part of astronomy is the science of images’.
110
Albertus introduces three types of magical practices. The first is called
‘abominable’ because it requires devotional elements such as suffumi-
gations, invocations and sacrifices, expressed in Hermetic and Pagan
books. The second ‘is somewhat less unsuitable [but it is] neverthe-
less detestable’ and it comprises Solomonic type of magical practices
with goetic Judaeo-Christian elements, including foreign languages and
characters that aim to subjugate demons. Even though there are no
devotional elements like the first type, ‘it is suspected that something
lies under the names of the unknown language, that might be against
the honour of the Catholic faith’.
111
The third type is called astronom-
ical images ‘which obtains [its] virtue solely from the celestial figure’.
88
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
It belongs to the category of particular ‘science’ with which Albertus
is concerned and exhibits in his On Minerals and On the Causes of the
Properties of the Elements since this type of magic receives its efficacy
‘from the celestial virtue by the command of God, because [the images]
found in this sensible world [made] from the four elements obey the
celestial images’. He adds that ‘a most certain numerical datum which
nothing [either] small or large should be lacking’ is needed to make this
image. Interrogations and elections should be performed to determine
the most advantageous time for the operation thus ensuring the flow of
the suitable astral qualities and influences.
112
In On Minerals, Albertus distinguishes between natural images and
those achieved by art, that is, astrological images or talismans. In this
discussion, he relates a peculiar incident he had witnessed. When he
was in Venice observing the cutting of marble slabs, he noticed one
piece of marble on which appeared the head of a king with an elon-
gated forehead and a crown. He explains that the elongation was caused
by the vapours rising too far up because of the greater proportion of
heat there. However, if such ‘vapours were subjected to the influence of
a place and a [mineralizing] power, they would fashion many figures
in the stones’.
113
On a more universal level, this exceptional natural
phenomenon is caused by specific celestial configurations.
114
Amulets,
which are made by nature, and talismans made by art also receive their
peculiar powers or occult properties from the celestial world.
115
We have
seen how this is asserted in the Arabic works of astral magic, particularly
De radiis, Picatrix and Secretum secretorum. The last of these was cited
frequently by Albertus and he could have been introduced to it dur-
ing the time he held a Dominican chair of theology at the University
of Paris where Philip’s translation was well known.
116
In the Secretum it
is emphasized that celestial forms and configurations have power over
natural forms and artificially prepared ones (talismans). The rays of the
celestial bodies transfer these powers into natural bodies impregnating
them with potency.
117
In terms very similar, Albertus writes: ‘the config-
urations of the heavens are the primary figures, having precedence over
the figures of all things made by nature and by art. For that which is
first in kind and order among productive powers undoubtedly pours its
causal influence into everything that comes after, in a manner suitable
to each [thing].’
118
So in natural things there are inherent occult properties received from
the stars. Albertus’s theory of occult properties draws from two major
Arabic sources: Abu Ma‘shar’s theory of khawass and Avicenna’s notion
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