102
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
This revisionist view has been extended to the studies on Pico della
Mirandola and John Dee all of whom Yates considers as generators of
what is essentially a Hermetic philosophy.
51
The context in which we do find references to Hermes, in the Ara-
bic and early modern works, is mainly related to practice rather than
theory. Abu Ma‘shar’s
Kitab al-Uluf is concerned with looking at histor-
ical events – past and future – that result from astrological cycles; it is
a technical book of astrology without a theoretical exposition. We find
several references to Hermes in the more theoretical
Great Introduction;
however, they are found in its practical parts. For example, a chapter on
the decans is claimed to be derived from Hermes, probably referring to
the Hermetic
Book on Thirty-Six Decans.
52
We find similar Hermetic ref-
erences in the context of magical practice in the
Picatrix, whose author
writes that the first Hermes built statues on the banks of the Nile and
founded a city in Egypt with four gates on which he inscribed apotropaic
magical images. The
Picatrix refers to Hermes mostly in relation to magi-
cal practices such as
nairanjat which are magical concoctions comprising
various complex natural ingredients.
53
Many works attributed to Hermes
were circulating in the Middle Ages, such as
Liber imaginum Lunae,
Liber de quindecim stellis,
Liber Lunae ex scientia Abel and
Liber Hermetis
Trismegisti.
54
All these astrological and magical works are practical in
nature, unlike the
Corpus Hermeticum which contains more philosoph-
ical and cosmological observations, yet they are derivative and vague.
Fourteen years after the publication of his translation of the
Hermetic
Corpus, Ficino finished writing the
Three Books on Life. As in the case
of Abu Ma‘shar’s works and the
Picatrix, referencing Hermes is also
restricted to the practice of magic not its theory. For example, in a
chapter on the powers of the fixed stars, Ficino writes that ‘certain major
stars discovered by Mercurius [Hermes] have the greatest power possi-
ble, such as: the Mercurial and Venereal Navel of Andromeda in the
twenty-second degree of Aries’.
55
All this led Charles Schmitt to conclude that ‘Hermeticism never
becomes a real driving force of any significant cultural movement dur-
ing the Renaissance.’
56
Hermes Trismegistus became, to both Arabic
and early modern natural philosophers and occultists, a personification
of a magical nostalgia for a world where divine knowledge was pure
and accessible, unblemished by materiality. In the nebulousness of the
legend of Hermes, the Arabic and early modern philosophers saw differ-
ent personas which fitted within different culturally specific nostalgias
and religious appeal. Francis Peters explains: ‘it is important to realise
that Hermeticism is in fact a historical mirage [
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