al-suwar).
24
An Aristotelian tone is detectable in the text beyond just
its title. It is evident in the ascription of efficient causation to the stars
which are like ‘instruments placed as intermediates between the crafts-
man and his craft’.
25
Al-Kindi restates this notion of celestial mediation
and writes: ‘the arrangement of the stars governs the world of elements
and all things in it composed of them, at whatever time or place, to such
an extent that there is no substance, no accident that exists here with-
out also being in its way figured in the sky. The influence of the stars is
undoubtedly due to the rays sent from them [the stars] into the world.’
26
Elsewhere he confirms that all things come to be and exist through
rays.
27
As Abu Ma‘shar posits in his Great Introduction and al-Kindi in his
epistles, De radiis affirms that matter receives its form from the motions
of the spheres, but instead of heat, al-Kindi considers the instrument of
generation to be the rays ‘which prevail over the [generated] thing with
all its properties’.
28
The diversity of species is the result of the diversity
of rays emanating from the celestial bodies and the elemental compo-
sition of substances.
29
Growth and corruption are processes in which
forms change within matter constantly. The formed matter of the seed
changes into the formed matter of the barley and then into the whole
harvest as determined and controlled by the rays which vary accord-
ing to aspect, direction, time and place.
30
Moreover, the rays have a
nature that is life-giving; they bestow vitality into a substance.
31
Clearly
then, al-Kindi here applies the conceptions of astral generation found
in Abu Ma‘shar’s Great Introduction and his own philosophical epistles
32
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
and further explicates the manner whereby the stars and planets – ‘the
heavenly causes’ – exercise generative action.
32
According to al-Kindi, there are two kinds of generation in which ‘the
heavenly harmony works’: natural generation ‘as often happens’; and
unusual, that is ‘when a kind of being is generated from such a kind of
matter in an unusual way’.
33
The unusual manner of generation could
refer to spontaneous generation; however, it also implies magic. When
an operator creates a talisman ‘he first imagines the form of the thing
which he wants to impress into some matter’.
34
He endows the materi-
als used in the making of the talisman, which correspond with certain
planets or constellation, with a kind of ‘species’, imitating generation
itself:
Enumerable ensouled beings of certain species come into the world
through the same constellation which has an effect on the species.
For such matter is fit to receive the same species through the same
constellation [
. . . ] In the same way, because the image of the mind
and the real image are of the same species, they follow each other,
provided that the matter of both lends itself to receive [the image’s]
form.
35
In essence, astral magic is an act of ‘informing’ and ‘ensouling’ that
entails harnessing the rays of planets, stars and constellations to charge
an object that is constructed according to a thorough knowledge of
correspondences between celestial and terrestrial things, enabling the
operator to organize the elements of her practice toward a specific pur-
pose. In the Theology of Aristotle we learn that the splendour and powers
(quwwa) of the celestial bodies can be utilized in astral magic:
36
We say that there are in earthly things powers that perform wondrous
acts. They attain this power from the heavenly bodies, because when
they perform their acts, they only perform them with the assistance
of the heavenly bodies. And because of this people used amulets,
prayers, and [magical] illusions [
. . . ] If they use natural things of won-
drous virtues at the appropriate time, they affect these virtues in the
thing they desire.
37
In De radiis, the vehicle of these powers is radiation. The universe res-
onates with rays projecting from all celestial bodies in all directions,
infusing every substance and soul with the ability to cause change.
38
The nature of this received agency is determined in generated things by
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |