Arabic Theories of Astral Influences
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between two levels of causality: the far efficient causes and proximate
ones. He writes that ‘the far efficient cause is like the shooter of an ani-
mal with an arrow; the shooter of the arrow is the far efficient cause of
the killed [animal]. The arrow is the proximate efficient cause.’
124
There-
fore, the latter kind acts as an instrument that mediates between the
volition and action of the first cause and the desired effect. Accordingly,
God is the Far First Cause and the heavenly bodies are his instruments of
creation. Furthermore, according to al-Kindi and Abu Ma‘shar, the stars
and planets are efficient causes of things in the world of generation of
corruption, which is the sublunar world. The supercelestial world where
forms and souls exist without matter is free from generation, change
and corruption. God is the proximate efficient cause of this world in a
process of
creatio ex nihilo without intermediates or instruments. In this
hierarchy, generation cannot happen without creation and stars cannot
generate without God’s will. Abu Ma‘shar uses the expression ‘by God’s
permission’ numerous times in the first book of
The Great Introduction.
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This is not just a case of a popular element of speech in Islamic culture,
or apologetic lip service as Lemay concludes;
126
rather it is a confirma-
tion of monotheism as ‘by God’s permission’ appears mostly in places
where Abu Ma‘shar asserts that generation and corruption happen by
the agency of the celestial bodies. ‘Therefore due to the power of the
celestial world and celestial motions, terrestrial things, generated and
corruptible, are affected by the permission of God’;
127
later he reiterates
this expression when speaking about the role of the stars and planets
in establishing harmony between the vital soul and the body;
128
and
elsewhere he adopts the cosmological and causal argument to actually
confirm God’s existence as a Prime Mover:
By the Will of God [
. . . ] the motion of the sphere is from the power of
the First Cause [
. . . ] the sphere is forever moving and so the force of
the mover must be infinite [
. . . ] if its power is infinite then it is eter-
nal and incorruptible. Observe how we inferred the [the existence] of
the Creator, Mover of all known and visible things that are observed
by the senses; He is immortal, omnipotent, unmoved, ungenerated
and incorruptible: Blessed is He and greatly Exalted.
129
In conclusion, Abu Ma‘shar perceived the heavenly bodies as integral
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