Ahkam: judgements
So far we have discussed the influence of the stars in the context
of their role in generation and corruption. But how does it relate to
the practice of astrology? The answer to this question is found in a
section entitled ‘On Advantageous and Disadvantageous Times’.
92
Abu
Ma‘shar here describes the steps of inference that an astrologer takes to
make a judgement. Abu Ma‘shar employs the parallel between astrology
and medicine to assert the plausibility and legitimacy of this process.
He begins with stating that medicine and astrology are interrelated
Arabic Theories of Astral Influences
21
aetiological pursuits. The first is the study of the terrestrial (ardiyya)
causes of diseases whereas astrology is the study of their higher (‘ulwiyya)
astral causes.
93
Medicine looks into the transformations in the ele-
ments as they manifest in the different seasons and changing humoral
excesses or deficiencies, but astrology looks into the astral origins of
these changes. Therefore, astrology perfects medicine since it extends
causal enquiries to the higher origins, which leads Abu Ma‘shar to con-
clude that ‘astrology is higher and nobler than medicine’ and every
physician must be an astrologer.
94
Responding to those who reject the
parallel between medicine and astrology, Abu Ma‘shar refers them to
Hippocrates who writes in On Airs, Waters, and Places that ‘the science of
the stars is not a small part of the science of medicine’.
95
This is actually
taken from Galen’s Commentary on Hippocrates’ on Airs, Waters, and Places
in which we read: ‘if a man thinks that the idea we have mentioned
belongs to meteorology [i.e. astronomy], if he examines the matter more
closely and verifies it, he will find that astronomy is not a small part of
the science of medicine’.
96
So an astrologer first ascertains if a certain period is characterized by a
certain quality from the arrangement of the stars; then he would decree
whether
That is a time for the health of bodies, their staying alive, and the bal-
ance of their natures, and what indicates this is such and such planet.
And if the time is not balanced due to some elements overcoming it,
then he should say that this is a time for the illness of the bodies,
their alteration, their corruption, and the weakness of their natures.
What indicates this is such and such planet. That this planet to which
this thing of goodness or badness is attributed, it is known [
. . . by]
advance knowledge, length of experience, and [the observation of]
manifest and hidden signs [
. . . ]. Then he considers that planet which
indicates advantageous or disadvantageous times, and if the signifi-
cation points to some living individuals [
. . . ] he should say that the
state of this person is so and so in terms of staying alive, damage,
advantage or disadvantage.
97
So, the stars indicate the general ‘quality’ of a certain period. Due to their
influence on the four natures ‘the nature of time is formed’,
98
which
creates specific external conditions that are referred to as ‘the states of
the period’ (halat al-zaman). If the astrological conditions of a specific
moment are determined and the characteristics and propensities of the
individual are diagnosed from a birth chart, then the astrologer has what
22
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
is needed to predict ‘the state of this individual’ ( halat al-shakhs) at this
point in time.
99
So these conditions or states ( halat) are determined by
the motions and locations of the celestial bodies.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |