Nujum: the stars and planets
Abu Ma‘shar composed his Great Introduction because he had not come
across a book that justified the practice ‘with convincing arguments’
that are ‘accepted by philosophers’.
43
The aim of the first book of The
Great Introduction, according to Abu Ma‘shar, is to explain the causes
(‘ilal) behind the signs (dalalat).
44
With this work he was addressing
a theoretical shortcoming he had perceived in his sources, Greek and
Arabic, by establishing the notion that stars are signs because they are
also causes.
Arabic Theories of Astral Influences
15
In Hellenistic astrology the interpretation of astral influences seemed
to vacillate between semiological and divine interpretations, stemming
from the fact that in Greek philosophy of nature generally there is no
discontinuity between what appears as natural and divine; divine influ-
ence was intrinsic to understanding natural processes and sympathies
and vice versa.
45
The semiological approach is clearly expressed by
Plotinus who rejects the idea of astral causality. In the Enneads we read:
‘if the stars announce the future – as we hold of many other things also –
what explanation of the cause have we to offer? What explains the pur-
poseful arrangement thus implied?’
46
He explains that the influences
of the heavenly bodies proceed from their ‘symbolic power’. He denies
that the stars can be causes and adds: ‘we may think of the stars as letters
perpetually being inscribed on the heavens [
. . . ] all teems with symbol,
the wise man is the man who in any one thing can read another’.
47
Therefore, the stars indicate everyday experience and their ‘purposeful
arrangement’ aids human beings to interpret the will of the gods.
The divine interpretation is upheld by Proclus who in the Elements of
Theology points out that the influences of the stars proceed from their
divine souls and insists that they can only be good influences.
48
This
view is shared by Iamblichus for whom the stars are manifestations of
the gods and therefore cannot produce maleficent influences. He writes:
‘it must also be remarked that the heavenly body is closely akin to the
incorporeal essences of the gods’.
49
Elsewhere he adds: ‘the entities vis-
ible in heaven are all gods, and in a certain way incorporeal. In your
next question you ask, “How is it that some of them are beneficent,
and the others maleficent?” This belief is derived from the casters of
horoscopes and is completely at odds with reality. For in fact all alike
are good.’
50
Another example of the divine approach is found in the
astrological postulations of Julius Firmicus Maternus who lived in the
first half of the fourth century. Stemming from the Stoic concept of
sympatheia which claims an intimate relationship between everything in
the universe including the stars and humankind, Maternus accepts that
the sympathetic influence of the heavens is the result of their divine
nature.
51
In his Matheseos he explains: ‘planets have their own faculties
and divine wisdom. Animated by pure reason they tirelessly obey that
highest divinity, the ruling God who has organized all things under the
rule of law to protect the eternal pattern of creation.’
52
Attributing astral
influences solely to the divine nature of the stars seems to be emphasized
in Greek astrology.
53
Despite the existence of an impressive corpus of Islamic astrology,
very few texts actually contain a coherent astrological theory and most
were written as references for practice. Al-Mughni fi ahkam al-nujum (The
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