part of the project in which the most influential medical text in the
twelfth century was translated, the Pantegni by Haly Abbas (The Com-
plete Book of Medical Art of ‘Ali ibn al-‘Abbas al-Majusi). A high number
of astrological texts were being translated in Spain, especially Toledo.
Gerard of Cremona (d. 1178) translated Ptolemy’s Almagest, and John of
Seville translated al-Qabisi’s Introduction to Astrology and Abu Ma‘shar’s
Great Introduction (1133). He translated many texts on astrology, magic
and talismans including Pseudo-Aristotle’s Secretum secretorum (Secret of
Secrets), Mash’allah’s De rebus eclipsium (On Eclipses), al-Tabari’s De nativ-
itatibus (On Nativities) and Thabit ibn Qurra’s De imaginibus. To John
of Seville was attributed the translations of Abu Ma‘shar’s Flores (The
Flowers; Kitab tahawil sini al-‘alam) and De magnis conjunctionibus (On the
Great Conjunctions; Kitab al-qiranat). Abu Ma‘shar’s Great Introduction was
translated again in 1140 by Hermann of Carinthia who also translated
Euclid’s Elements, Ptolemy’s Planisphere, the Zijs of al-Khawarizmi, Sahl
ibn Bishr’s Fatidica (1138), and Abu Ma‘shar’s De revolutionibus nativ-
itatum (On the Revolutions of Nativities; Kitab ahkam sini al-mawalid).
3
As Burnett notes, the translations of Arabic astrological texts formed a
46
Textual and Intellectual Reception of Arabic Astral Theories
47
complete and coherent curriculum of astrological science in the twelfth
century, especially the works of Abu Ma‘shar.
4
The novelty of the Graeco-Arabic astrological texts was practical
and theoretical. Computative methods and instruments for measur-
ing celestial motions and locations were lacking in the early Middle
Ages; furthermore, handbooks on the significance of these motions –
whether for meteorology or judicial astrology – were also missing. Both
of these kinds of texts were essential for understanding the heavens
and their influences on earth as part of natural philosophy that pro-
moted the intelligibility of the cosmos.
5
The enthusiastic reception of
Arabic astrological texts that provided techniques for prediction and a
clear system of signification can be observed in the works of Roger of
Hereford who was active in Norman England in the 1170s.
6
He knew
Hermann’s translation of the Great Introduction and it was a major source
for the system of signification he presented in his handbook Liber de
astronmice iudicandi (Book of Judicial Astrology) which includes the geo-
graphical attributes of the twelve signs of the zodiac.
7
Furthermore, the
philosophical content of some Arabic texts on astrology provided an
epistemological foundation for the science of the stars and an onto-
logical exposition of the celestial bodies and their cosmological and
generative functions. All of these contributions enabled cosmologists
and philosophers of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries to envisage
and develop a coherent cosmogony and to incorporate the heavens into
natural philosophy.
This sense of the universe’s intelligibility cultivated a cosmological
philosophy; ‘an intellectual act, a way of thinking about, and think-
ing through, significant problems of existence. It became the science of
analysing “life, the universe, and everything”, working out humanity’s
place in creation.’
8
Hugh of St Victor (1096–1141), in his Didascalion,
defines philosophy as ‘the discipline which investigates comprehen-
sively the ideas of all things, human and divine’.
9
He stresses that there
is a ‘dignity of our nature which all naturally possess in equal measure’
and with intellect and reason we can comprehend nature.
10
He adds that
the power of our rational soul is ‘rooted entirely in reason, and it exer-
cises itself either in the most unfaltering grasp of things present, or in
the understanding of things absent, or in the understanding of things
unknown’.
11
We can understand ‘things present’ as manifest and visible
phenomena, ‘things absent’ as metaphysics, and ‘things unknown’ as
the occult. The natural philosopher, Arabist, and translator Adelard of
Bath (1080–1152) writes in his De eodem et diverso (On the Same and the
Different): ‘nothing more certain than reason, nothing more deceptive
48
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
than the senses [
. . . ] for who has ever comprehended the whole area of
the heavens in his sight? Who has cupped its sound and the celestial
harmony in his ears?’
12
The world has a knowable order and humans through their intel-
lect are capable of conceiving it.
13
Behind natural phenomena there
is a series of intelligible causes leading ultimately to God. Thierry of
Chartres (d. c.1150), master in the universities of Paris and Chartres
and teacher of Hermann of Carinthia, writes: ‘the world would seem
to have causes for its existence, and also to have come into existence
in a predictable sequence in time’.
14
In On the Same and Different, the
persona Philosophia announces: ‘happy is the man who has been able
to understand the causes of things’.
15
Philosophy ‘reaches not only
things in themselves, but also their causes and the beginnings of their
causes, and from present things understands those to come, a long time
in distance’.
16
‘Things to come’ denotes the predictability of nature
through the knowledge of the order that governs it. But it can also
refer to the celestial bodies and their influence on human conditions
and events predicted through astrology. Thierry of Chartres knew the
Great Introduction of Abu Ma‘shar which elaborates on astral causality as
discussed in the first chapter.
17
In this chapter, the Arabic theories of astral influences, particularly
Abu Ma‘shar’s astrological theory, are argued to have contributed sig-
nificantly to twelfth-century cosmogony and cosmology which include
the study of the heavens. These theories imply that the astrologer and
the natural philosopher can understand the workings of the celestial
and natural worlds. They establish that the celestial world is the realm
of the causes of generation and corruption where the stars and plan-
ets act as instruments of God’s creative will. This causal and generative
connection was behind the efficacy of astrology. The Arabic astrological
theories were adopted in works that aimed to reveal the emergence of
the universe and to unravel the order of created and generated existence.
They began with establishing God’s status as the ultimate cause of all
coming to be. The Hexameron of Thierry of Chartres, the Cosmographia
of Bernard Silvestris, De essentiis (On Essences) of Hermann of Carinthia,
the Dragmaticon of William of Conches, and the Liber de naturis infe-
riorum et superiorum (On the Nature of Inferior and Superior Things) of
Daniel of Morley (c.1140–c.1210) are prominent examples of such cos-
mological expositions of the twelfth century. Causality is also discussed
in texts dealing with the concept of nature such as Adelard of Bath’s
Questiones naturales (Natural Questions). Furthermore, the impact of Ara-
bic astrology is also discernible in twelfth-century astrological texts such
Textual and Intellectual Reception of Arabic Astral Theories
49
as Liber de astronmice iudicandi. It is to some of these texts that we turn
our attention.
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