Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1.
А.А.Петров, А.Т.Трощенко, Х.В.Бальян. Органическая химия. Москва.
2.
“Высшая школа» 1987 г. Для студентов хим. технологических специальностей.
3.
А.И.Артеменко Органическая химия М. «Высшая школа». 2002 г.
4.
I.R.Asкarov, Yu.T.Isaеv, A.Г.Maxsumov, Sh.Qirg’izov. Organik kimyo. G’ofur
G’ulom nomidagi
nashriyot matbaa ijo
diy uyi. Toshkеnt 2012.
5.
N.G.Raxmatullaev, X.T.Omonov, SH.M.Mirkomilov “Kimyo o’qitish metodikasi”
T., “O’qituvchi”
2013 yil.
6.
R.SH.Berdiqulov, F.A.Alimova, SH.M.Mirkomilov Vozmojnosti kompьyuternыx
texnologiy pri
izuchenii osnov texnologicheskix protsessov ximicheskogo proizvodstva.
7.
Voprosы gumanitarnыx nauk. Nauchnыy jurnal №2(46), Moskva, 2010
.
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JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
RESEARCH AND STABILITY (JARS)
Volume: 01 Issue:
ISSN: 2181-
O’rta Osiyoda Rossiya Imperiyasini
Bosqinchilik Medallari
Xorazmviloyati Hazorasptumani
49-umumiy o’rtata’limmaktabi
tarixfanio’qituvchisiJumaniyozovaZeboBaxodirovna
Annotatsiya:
Medall va nishonlar tarixiy voqea, hodisalarning
sifatida muhim ilmiy-tarixiy ahamiyatga
davlat tarixining o'ziga xos ko'zgusi bo'lib,
topishi, gullab-yashnashi va tushkunligini
ettiradi. Davlat ahamiyatiga ega urushlardagi
tarixiy sanalarni abadiylashtirish maqsadi
yanada orttirgan. Ayrim hollarda
yurishlarining ramziga aylangan. Vatanimiz tarixidagi
imperiyasi bosqini davri ham bundan mustasno emas.
Kalit so`zlar:
Medal, Rossiya imperiyasi, Xiva va Qo’qon xonligi,
O’rta Osiyo
Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2021
-2608
646
ta Osiyoda Rossiya Imperiyasini
Bosqinchilik Medallari
tarixfanio’qituvchisiJumaniyozovaZeboBaxodirovna
hodisalarning ashyoviy guvohi
ahamiyatga ega. Ular har qanday
bo'lib, ushbu davlatning tashkil
tushkunligini bosqichma-bosqich aks
ettiradi. Davlat ahamiyatiga ega urushlardagi g’alabalar, muhim
maqsadi medallarning ahamiyatini
ular adolatsiz bosqinchilik
Vatanimiz tarixidagi Rossiya
davri ham bundan mustasno emas.
Medal, Rossiya imperiyasi, Xiva va Qo’qon xonligi,
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“Sharq masalasi”da ingliz-rus raqobati, so’ngra Qrim urushidagi
mag’lubiyatdan so’ng, podsho hukumati o’zbek xonliklarini bosib olishni bosh vazifa etib qo’ydi. Bu
harakatda imperator Aleksandr II hukumatining harbiy vaziri general graf D.Milyutin, bosh shtab
Osiyo bo’limi rahbari graf Ignatyev “faollik” ko’rsatadi. 1861–1863-yillаrdа rus qo‘shinlаri Qo‘qon
xonligigа bir necha zаrbаlаr berib, Yangiqo‘rg‘on, Dinqo‘rg‘on, Merkа, Pishpakni egаllаshadi. 1863-
yilda polkovnik M.Chernyayev Sirdаryo bo’yidagi So‘zoq qаl’аsini bosib oldi vа uni «Rossiyaning
mulki» deb e’lon qildi. 1864-yil 21-sentabrdа Chimkent jаng bilаn egаllаnadi. Chimkentning
himoyasida turgan sarkarda Alimqulning Buxoro amirining xonlikka hujum qilgani sababli ketganligi
mag’lubiyatga olib keldi.
Bosqinchilar shahar va qal’alar himoyachilariga shafqat qilishmagan. Rossiya imperiyasida odatdagi
bosqinchilik urushlaridagi har bir g’alaba uchun harbiylarni katta-kichik mukofotlar, shu jumladan
medallar bilan taqdirlash odati bo’lgan. Yuqori darajali general va zobitlarga “Muqaddas Georgiy”
harbiy ordeni, past darajadagi askarlar va boshqa shaxslarga esa “Georgiy xochi” nishoni berilgan.
Masalan, Chimkent bosib olingach, kapitan O.Konapelskiy, Toshkent shahri qonli janglar bilan
bo’ysundirilgach, podpolkovnik N.Ivanov “Muqaddas Georgiy” ordenining turli darajasi bilan
taqdirlangan. Shuningdek, Oqmachitda va Iqon qishlog’idagi janglarda ruslarga bergan yordami uchun
qirg’izlardan Safarov, Ahmad, Jarmuhammadlar “Georgiy xochi” nishonini olishgan. 1865-yilgi
Toshkent shturmi uchun 4-Turkiston old batalyoniga 1867-yil 19-fevralda va 1871-yil 31-avgustda
Georgiy bayrog’i beriladi.
Qo’qon hukmdori Xudoyorxon 1868-yili podsho harbiylari bilаn sulh tuzib,аmаldа Rossiyagа qаrаm
bo‘lib qoladi. 1872-yili Farg’ona vodiysida xalq qo‘zg‘oloni ko‘tаrilgan. Bosqinchilar qo’shini milliy-
ozodlik kurashini 1876-yilda bostirgach, Qo‘qon xonligi tugatilib, uning o‘rnigа Fаrg‘onа viloyati
tashkil qilinadi. Bu voqeaga katta siyosiy tus berilib, 1876-yil 26-noyabrda imperator Aleksandr II ning
farmoniga ko’ra maxsus medal ta’sis etiladi. U yorqin bronzadan tayyorlanib, diametri 28 mm bo’lgan.
Aversida imperator toji va Aleksandr II tug’rosi, ya’ni ism-sharifi bosh harflaridan iborat bezak
ta’svirlanib, orqa tarafida doirasimon - “За Покорение Ханства Коканскаго”(Qo’qon xonligini zabt
etgani uchun) yozuvi, markazida “1875-1876” sanalari, hamda kichik beshburchakli yulduz
joylashtirilgan. “Qo’qon xonligini zabt etgani uchun” medali “Muqaddas Georgiy” ordenini sariq-qora
va “Muqaddas Vladimir ordeni” ning qizil-qora lentasida ilingan edi. Medal bilan Farg’ona vodiysini
zabt etishda 1875-yil 5-avgustidan to 1876-yil 15-sentyabrga qadar qatnashgan Turkiston okrugi
harbiylari va boshqa shaxslar taqdirlanganlar.
Bu medaldan jami 7500 dona zarb etilgan edi. Buxoro amirligiga qarshi 1866-1868-yillardagi harbiy
harakatlardan so’ng, podsho hukumati “O’rta Osiyo Jazoyiri” deb atalgan Xiva xonligini bosib olishga
astoydil kirishadi. 1872-yil dekabrida imperator Aleksandr II Xivani bosib olishga ruhsat bergach,
yurishga puxta tayyorgarlik ko’rilib, xonlikka kichik ekspeditsiyalar yuborilgan. Asosiy yurishga
podshoning qarindoshlari knyazlar Konstantin Konstantinovich va Yevgeniy Maksimilyanovich
Romanovlar jalb etiladi. 1873-yil 20-mayda Orenburg general-gubernatorligi bo’linmasi general
N.Veryovkin boshchiligida, Mang’ishloq harbiy bo’linmasi egallagan Qo’ng’irotga yetib keladi. 12-
aprelda Aristonbelda Turkiston general-gubernatorligining Jizzax, Qozoli, Perovsk qismlari birlashib,
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general Kaufman boshchiligida xonlik hududiga bostirib kirdi. Bu vaqtda Muhammad Rahimxon II
qo’l ostidagi 10 mingga yaqin qo’shinni Muhammad Murod devonbegi, Mahmud Yasovulboshi,
Eltuzar inoq, Bobo Muxtor, amir To’ra, Muhammad Rizo, Inoqbek boshchiligida bosqinchilarni qarshi
yuborgani bilan, harbiy zaiflik, tashqi yordam berilmaganligi sabab, podsho qo’shini poytaxt tomon
siljib kelaverdi. Xivani o’qqa tutib, 29-mayda general M.Skobelov bo’linmasi Shohobod darvozasini
portlatadi va shaharga bostirib kirgan. Qonli jang Sayyid Umar va Otojon To’ra boshliq xonlikning
ulug’lari bilan general Kaufman bitim tuzgach yakunlandi. Kaufman buyrug’i bilan xon xazinasi
talanib, ko’plab boylik va qo’lyozmalar Peturburgga jo’natiladi. 1873-yil 12-avgustda Gamdunkon
bog’ida xon sulh bitimini imzoladi.
Shundan so’ng imperator Aleksandr II ajdodi Pyotrning armonini bajargani sabab, 1873-yil 22-iyulda
maxsus farmon bilan diametri 28 mmli bo’lgan, kumush medal joriy etadi. Medal aversida imperator
toji ostida Aleksandr II tug’ro (venzel) ta’sviri tushirilgan. Reversida aylana shaklda “За Хивинский
походъ” (Xiva yurishi uchun) yozuvi, pastida lavr va eman shoxlari, markazida “1873” sanasi berilgan.
Tinchliksevarlik ramzi bo’lgan eman shoxining bosqinchilik urushidagi ishtirokni taqdirlash uchun
joriy etilgan nishonda tasvirlanganligi rus hukumatining bu urushga munosabatini aks ettiradi. Lavr
shohi esa g’oliblikka ishoradir.
“Xiva yurishi uchun” medali bilan yurishda qatnashgan Orol flotiyasi matroslari, barcha harbiylar,
shifokorlar, diniy xodimlar, amaldorlar, qo’shin tarkibidagi mahalliy ko’ngillilar taqdirlanishgan . Jami
medaldan 14950 dona yasalib, uni Georgiy-Vladimir ordenlari lentasida taqish belgilangan.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YHATI:
1.
Содиқов Ҳ, Шамсутдинов Р, Равшанов П, Усмонов Қ. Ўзбекистоннинг
2.
янги тарихи 1-К. -Тошкент: Шарқ, 2000. Б. 156-157
3.
иёев Ҳ. Ўзбекистон мустақиллиги учун курашларниниг тарихи. -Тошкент:
4.
Шарқ, 2001.Б.136
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Volume: 01 Issue:
ISSN: 2181
Shizofreniyaning Davosi Bormi?
G’ofurova Umida O’tkirbek qizi, Halimova Ozoda Ma'murjon
qizi
Namangan davlat unuversiteti Pedagogika
Defektologiya yo’nalishi talabalari
Annotatsiya:
Bugungi kunda butun dunyoda hali o’z yechimini topmagan
masalalar, davosi topilmagan kasalliklar, hamda kelib chiqishi
noma’lum bo’lgan holatlar juda ko’p. Ular orasida “Shizofreniya”
ham mavjud bo’lib, bugungi kunga ushbu
to’la o’rganib chiqilmagan hamda yechimlari birmuncha noaniqligi
bo’yicha qolib ketmoqda. Ammo so’nggi yillar texnikasi hamda
izlanishlarim samarasi o’laroq men ushbu kasallikning oldini olish
bo’yicha bir qancha sinovlar olib bordim.
barchasi maqolamda to’la yoritib o’tilgan.
Kalit
so`zlar:
shizofreniya,
neyrotransmitter,
serotonin,
psixoanalitik, toksik moddalar, kognitivlik nazariyasi, gebrefrenik,
katatonik, paranoid, nodifferentsiv, postshizofreniya, emotsional
sfera, ipoxondrikal alomatlar, senestopatiy, oneyroid
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2181-2608
649
Shizofreniyaning Davosi Bormi?
, Halimova Ozoda Ma'murjon
Namangan davlat unuversiteti Pedagogika-psixologiya fakulteti
Bugungi kunda butun dunyoda hali o’z yechimini topmagan
masalalar, davosi topilmagan kasalliklar, hamda kelib chiqishi
noma’lum bo’lgan holatlar juda ko’p. Ular orasida “Shizofreniya”
ham mavjud bo’lib, bugungi kunga ushbu kasallik meditsinada
to’la o’rganib chiqilmagan hamda yechimlari birmuncha noaniqligi
bo’yicha qolib ketmoqda. Ammo so’nggi yillar texnikasi hamda
izlanishlarim samarasi o’laroq men ushbu kasallikning oldini olish
bo’yicha bir qancha sinovlar olib bordim. Ushbu natijalarning
barchasi maqolamda to’la yoritib o’tilgan.
shizofreniya,
neyrotransmitter,
serotonin,
psixoanalitik, toksik moddalar, kognitivlik nazariyasi, gebrefrenik,
katatonik, paranoid, nodifferentsiv, postshizofreniya, emotsional
sfera, ipoxondrikal alomatlar, senestopatiy, oneyroid-katatonik.
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Shizofreniya – bu progressiv ruhiy kasallik bo’lib, ruhiy vazifalar birligining yo’qotilishi, emotsianal
sferaning tubanlashuvi, fikrlashning buzilishi va aqliy faoliyatning ilg’or zaiflashishi bilan
ifodalaniladi. Ushbu holat murakkab va namoyon bo’lishi bir muncha yashirinn tarzda kechadigan
jarayonlar yig’indisidir. Shizofreniyaning qo’shimcha alomatlari: hayolga o’z-o’zidan keladigan fikrlar,
jazavali va ipoxondrikal alomatlar, senostopatiya, aqldan ozish, psevdogallyutsinator, gallyutsinator
buzilishlar (alahsirashga o’xash holat), maniakal, depressiv, oneyroid-katatonik, katatonik
alomatlar.Shizofreniyaning alomatlariga to’xtaladigan bo’lsak, har bir tur o’ziga xos individual belgi-
xususiyatlarga egaligi bilan boshqa kasalliklardan ajralib turadi. Kasallik alohida shaklga ega
bo’lgunga qadar ko’pgina psixiatr olimlar tomonidan o’rganib chiqilgan. Nemis psixiatri Y.Krpelin
1898-yilda birinchi bo’libushbu kasallikni “de-mentia praecos” ya’ni, “ ilk esi pastlik” deb nomlagan.
Nihoyat 1911-yilda Shvetsariya psixiatri Y.Bleyler bu ruhiy kasallikning klinik kechishini yanada
chuqurroq o’rganib, uning asosida assotsiativ jarayonlarning buzilishlari yotishini, buning oqibatida esa
ruhiyatning parchalanishini asoslab, kasallik nomini “ Shizofreniya” deb nomlagan. Aslida ham
shizofreniyaning asosida fikrlash, mulohaza yuritish jarayonining buzilishi yotadi. Kasallikning
kechishini kuzatganimda u ko’p hollarda zimdan, asta-sekin rivojlanishini aniqladim. Ushbu kasallik
ko’p hollarda odamovi, kamgap, hissiyotlari sust fe’l-atvorli, autistik xarakterdagi insonlarda
uchraganligi sababli atrofidagi kishilarda ancha vaqtgacha hech qanday shubha uyg’otmaydi.Aynan
shuning uchun ham uni aniqlash, korreksiyalash va davolash, tashxis qo’yish murakkab jarayonlarni
o’z ichiga oladi. Kasallik haqida qisqacha yoritib o’taman va har bir shaklining o’ziga xos davolanishi
va buni qanday bajarganimni tavsilotlarini keltirib o’taman. Dastlab kasallik rivojlanishining aniq
sabablari noma’lum edi. Hozirgi kunda ushbu patalogiya rivojlanishining bir nechta nazariyalari
mavjud bolib, ulardan eng mashxurlari quyidagilardir:
Neyrotransmitterlar nazariyasi. Ushbu nazariyaning yana bir nomi- dofaminli nazariya hisoblanadi.
Ushbu gipotezaga ko’ra, kasallik asab tizimining faolligini rag’batlantiradigan dofamin ko’p ishlab
chiqarilishi natijasida rivojlanadi. Neyronlar shizofreniyaning o’ziga xos alomatlari paydo bo’lishiga
olib keladigan ko’plab nerv impulslarini ishlab chiqarishni boshlaydi. Aynan ushbu nazariyaga
asoslanib, dofamin ta’siri uchun mas’ul retseptorlarni bloklash shizofreniyani davolashning bir qismi
sifatida namoyon bo’ladi. Shuningdek alohida noradrenergetik nazariyani ajratiladi-ki, unga ko’ra
kasallik rivojlanishida dofamin, adrenalin hamda nodrenalin gormonlari ishtirok etadi.
Seretonin retseptorlari nazariyasi. Seretonin retseptorlari juda faol bo’lsa, shizofreniya belgilari qayd
etilishi mumkin. Seretonin retseptorlari faoliyatiga ta’sir o’tkazadigan dori vositalari ham kasallikning
davolanishiga bir omil bo’lib xizmat ko’rsatishi mumkin bo’ladi.
Shizofreniya rivojlanishining dizontogenetik nazariyasi. Ushbu gipotezada kasallik miyada mavjud
strukturaviy buzilishlar fonida rivojlanadi. Ba’zi omillar vaziyatni og’irlashtirishi ( yoki rivojlanishiga
turtki bo’lishi ) mumkin, shu jumladan virusli va bakteriyali hamda genetik kasalliklar ham. Bunday
hollarda esa miya faoliyatini normaga keltirish uchun nevropatolog hamda psixolog, psixiatr kompleks
holda ishlashi va ruhiyatdagi buzilishni hamjihatlikda bartaraf etishlari maqsadga muvofiq bo’lar edi.
Kasallik rivojlanishining psixoanalitik nazariyasi. Ushbu nazariyaga binoan kasallik shaxsning
“bo’linishidan” kelib chiqadi. Bemorga uning atrofidagi barcha narsa sog’lig’iga jiddiy tahdid
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solayotganga o’xshaydi. Bunday holatda bemorning “men”i boshqa tashqi vaziyatlar ustidan
hukmronlik qila boshlaydi. Savol tug’ilida: “ Qanday qilib ushbu jarayonni normaga solish mumkin?”.
Albatta bu murakkab vaziyatlarni talab qiladi. Bemor o’zini sog’lomman deb xunob qilishi, hattoki,
davolanishdan mutlaqo voz kechishi mumkin. Ushbu vaziyatda ko’proq psixolog maslahatiga
muxtojlik seziladi hamda u bilan korreksion ishlar ko’lami keng qamrovli tarzda olib boriladi.
Shizofreniya rivojlanishida irsiy moyillikning ahamiyati. Hozirgacha ham olimlar shizofreniyadeb
atalmishgenni aniqlay olmadilar. Shu bilan birga statistik tadqiqotlarda shizofreniya rivojlanishida irsiy
omillar ham ishtirok etishi mukinligini ko’rsatib o’tilgan. Misol uchun, so’nggi tadqiqotlar bir tuxum
hujayradan rivojlangan egizaklarda kasallik 80% hollarda, turli tuxum hujayralardan rivojlangan
egizaklarda esa- 20% hollarda bir xil kechishini ko’rsatadi. Ota-onalardan birida shizofreniya
mavjudligi bolada patalogiya rivojlanish ehtimolligini 5-12%ga oshiradi. Endi esa xulosalarim va
fikrimga kelsak, o’ylashimcha shizofreniya dominant holda nasldan naslga o’tish xususiyatiga ega.
Fikrimni tasdiqlayman va isbotlashim ham mukin. Inson jinsiy xromosomalarida emas, autosoma
xromosomalarida kasallik belgilarini saqlovchi genlar mavjud va u ko’p hollarda dominant ko’rinishda
bo’ladi. Kasallikning aynan qaysi turi nasl surishini hali aniqlay olmagan bo’lsam-da, kasallik
geterozigota holatda o’z kuchini qisman yo’qotishini kuzatdim. Yangi avlodda shizofreniya geni
mavjud, ammo u geterozigota holda. Bunday hollarda kasallik belgilari namoyon bo’lmasligi mumkin,
ammo, kelgusi avlodda takrorlanishi kuzatilgan.
Toksik moddalarning roli. Hozirgi kunda ba’zi olimlar autointoksikatsiyani ko’rib chiqishmoqda.
Ushbu gipoteazga ko’ra, kasallik ba’zi zaharli moddalar ta’siri tufayli rivojlanishi mumkin. Xususan,
shizofreniya rivojlanishida ammiak, feni birikmalari, fenokrezol va boshqa zaharli moddalar salbiy rol
o’ynashi mumkin. Jiddiy omilga miyyaga kislorod yetishmasligi ham kiradi, buning natijasida nerv
hujayralarida progressiv patalogik jarayonlarrivojlanadi.
Shizofreniya rivojlanishining kognitiv nazariyasi. Bu nazariya shizofreniya bemor o’zi bilan o’zi bo’lib
qolganda, mavjud bo’lmagan muammolar tufayli zix bo’lishi yoki shunchaki tashqi dunyo bilan aloqa
qilmasligi kabi o’zini tutishi natijasida rivojlanadi deydi. Kasalliklning turlariga keladigan bo’lsak,
albatta holat juda murakkab bo’lishi tabiiy albatta. Tarixiy jihatdan shizofreniya katotonik, oddiy,
gebrefenik va paranoid turlarga bo’lingan. Hozirgi kunda kasallikning 5 turi mavjud:
1.
Paranoid turi. Turli xil noodatiy g’oyalar, gallyutsinatsiyalar kuzatiladi, ammo fikrlash, affektiv
buzilishlar, xulq-atvor buzilishlari yuz bermaydi;
2.
Tarqoq tip. (gebrefenik shizofreniya): fikrlashning buzilishi va affektiv buzilishlar
kombinatsiyasidir. Aynan ushbu buzilish eng ko’p tarqalgan turlardan hisoblanadi.
3.
Nodifferentsiv tip: psixotik alomatlar mavjudligi, ammo, gebrefenik, paranoid yoki katatonim tip
mezonlari uchramasligi bilan xarakterlanadi.
4.
Qoldiq tip: kasallik alomatlari mavjud, biroq juda zaif ifodalangan bo’ladi.
5.
Xalqaro kasalliklar klassifikatsiyasida yana ikkita subtip ajratilganligini ko’rish mumkin:
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1.
Postshizofrenik depressiya: shizofreniya alomatlari reduksiyadan keyingi depressiv epizod yoki
shizofreniyaning ba’zi belgilari borligi bilan kechadi.
2.
Oddiy shizofreniya: salbiy alomatlarning bosqichma-bosqich rivojlanib, kasallikning og’ir shaklga
o’tishidir.
Ushbu holatlarni davolash bosqichlari va usullari ham turlicha bo’ladi. Sababi kasallikninghar bir turi
o’ziga xos xarakterga ega bo’lib, korreksiya ishlari ham shunga ko’ra har xil shaklda olib boriladi.
Shizofreniya kasalligining alomatlari ham mavjud bo’lib, ularning asosiylari quyidagilardan iborat:
a.
Produktiv alomatlar: aqldan ozish, gallyutsinatsiya;
b.
Salbiy alomatlar: apatiya, irodaning yetishmasligi, abuliya;
c.
Kognitiv buzilishlar: fikrlash, e’tibor va sezishning buzilishi bilan xarakterlanadi.
Bezovtalik, ruhiy tushkunlik, tashqi dunyodan ajralib qolish shizofreniya haqida oldindan so’ylashi
mumkin. Kasallikka chalingan bemorlarda fikrlashning tarqoqligi, eshitish gallyutsinatsiyalari,
nutqning buzilishi rivojlanadi. Kasallik odatda ijtimoiy izolyatsiya bilan birgalikda keladi. Ijtimoiy
o’rganish buziladi, gallyutsinatsiyalar va aqldan ozish bilan bog’liq paranoid simptomatika rivojlanadi.
Ba’zi hollarda odam g’aroyib holatda (katatoniya) qotib qolishi mumkin, jim bo’lib qoladi, maqsadsiz
g’ayratlanib ketishi ham mumkin. Shizofreniyaning eng xarakterli alomatlari: tez-tez va uzoq muddatli
bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan gallyutsinatsiyadir. Bemor yaqinlari kasallikni ko’rsatadigan birinchi
alomatlarini aniqlay olishi muhim ahamiyatga ega. Bunday alomatlar odatda quyidagicha bo’lishi
mumkin:
Kishining vazifasini bajara olmasligi. Chunki bemor oddiygina bu vazifalarda hech qanday ma’noni
ko’rmaydi. Bu hatto asosiy gigiyena choralariga ham tegishli. Misol uchun bemor oyoqlarini
yuvishni bema’ni ish deb hisoblaydi, chunki ular baribir rasvo bo’ladi deb xulosa chiqarib olgan
bo’ladi.
Nutqning buzilishi. Shizofreniyada bu alomat bemorga berilgam savollarga oddiy (bitta so’zli)
javoblarni berishi bilan izohlanadi. Agar bemor batafsil javob berishga majbur bo’lsa, u juda sekin
gapiradi.
E’tiborsizlik, hayolchanlik, diqqatning yo’qligi.
Hissiy (emotsional) tubanlik bemorning yuzi bildirishsiz, befarq bo’ladi. Atrofdagi odamlar bemor
qanday kayfiyatda ekanini va uning niyatlari qanday ekanini tushunishi juda qiyin kechadi.
Qiziqishning yo’qolishi. Hattoki bundan oldin bemorni quvontiradigan jismlarva mashg’ulotlarga
ham va kasallik davridagi holatlarga ham qiziqish bildirmaydi. Shuni yodda tutish kerakki,
shizofreniya yetarlicha asta-sekin rivojlanib boradi va mavjud alomatlar vaqt o’tishi bilan ortib
boradi. Kasalikning belgilarini vaqtida aniqlab olish va iloji boricha tezroq korreksiya ishlarini olib
borish tuzalish jarayonini qisman bo’lsa ham tezlashishiga va ishning oson kechishiga yordam
beradi desak mubolag’a bo’lmaydi.
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Tashxis jarayoni ham o’ziga xos tarzda olib boriladi. Tashxislash bemorning shikoyatlariga, xatti-
harakatlariga (qarindoshlari, do’stlari, hamkasblari tomonidan qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar ham yig’ish
mumkin) asoslangan holda psixiatr tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. Hozirgi kunda shizofreniyani aniqlash
uchun labaratoriya tahlillari mavjud emas. Sababi u qon tarkibida saqlanmaydi.
Xulosa. Shizofreniya ham ko’pkina kasalliklar qatori hali to’liq o’rganilmagan va ko’rib chiqilmagan.
Ammo men xulosa tariqasida o’z bilim va ko’nikmalarimga tayangan holda kasallikning davolanishiga
to’la ishonaman. Buning uchun mahorat, qunt, tajriba eng muhim omilllar sanaladi. Davolash odatda
psixofarmakoterapiya yo’li bilan amalga oshiriladi. Boshqausullar orasida insulinkomatoz terapiya,
elektrokonvulsiv terapiyava boshqlar mavjud. Psixotrop va nootropik preparatlarni tanlash(pantogam
va boshqalar) kasallik kechishi turi va alomatlaridagi xususiyatlari bilan aniqlanadi. Uzluksiz
kechayotgan
salbiy
shizofreniyada
kuchli
antipsixotik
ta’sirga
ega
(xlorpromazin,
levomepromazin,promazin, galoperidol, trifluoperazin, klozapin) neyroleptiklar qo’llaniladi. Odatda
neyroleptiklar bilan davolashda og’ir neyroleptik asoratlarning rivojlanishiga yo’l qo’ymaslik uchun
xolinolitiklar(trigeksifinedil, biperiden) belgilanadi. Kasallikning oddiy shaklini davolashda
stimulyatorli ta’sirga ega neyroleotiklar(trifluoperazin, perfenazin) qo’llaniladi. Atipik neyroleptiklar
(risperidon, ketiapin, olanzapin) ham ishlatiladi. Paranoid shizofreniyaning uzluksiz kechishida aqldan
ozishga qarshi ta’sirga ega tipik neyroleptiklar( perfenazin, trifluoperazin, galoperidol) qo’llaniladi.
Atipik neyrotiklardan esa- klozapin. Gallyutsinator aqldan ozish ustunlik qilganda perfenazin, yoki
trifluoperazindan foydalaniladi. Davolashning keyingi bosqichlarida flufenazin ishlatish mumkin.
Uzluksiz kam progredient kechimga ega bo’lgan turida neyroeptiklar va trankvilizatorlar (fenazepam,
tofizopam, lorazepam, bromazepam) birgalikda qo’llaniladi. Febril shizofreniyani davolashda infuzion
terapiya qo’llaniladi: 10% glyukoza-insulin-kaliy aralashmasi, kaliy, magniy, kaltsiy preparatlari, tuzli
eritmalar. Gipertermiyani bartaraf etish uchun sun’iy sovutish( arterial tomirlar ustiga muzli haltalar
joylashtirish, ho’l yopinchiq, sochiq bilan o’rash amalga oshiriladi. Miya shishini oldini olish uchun
osmotik diuretiklar(mannitol) tomir ichiga kiritiladi. Shu bilan birga, diazepam, geksenalli narkoz
ishlatish ham mumkin. Kasallik asoratlari quyidagicha: ijtimoiy o’rinni topa olmaslik, bosh miya
vazifasining buzilishi, neyroleptiklar qo’llanganligi tufayli neyroleptik ekstrapiramidal buzilishlar
yuzaga keldi. Ammo qunt va sabr bilan bemorga yondashish davo choralarini har tomonlama izlash
albatta o’z samarasini beradi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1.
B.M.Korkina, A.M.Tsivilko, V.V.Marilov, M.A.Karayeva: “Praktikum po psixiatrii”. Moskva-
1986;
2.
I.N.Xo’jayeva, A.U.Shayusupova: “Psixiatriya”. Toshkent-1995
3.
M.N.Jarikov: “Psixiatriya”. Moskva-1989.
4.
O.X.Olimov, U.X.Olimov: “Psixiatriya klinikasi”ning muqaddimasi. Toshkent-1997.
5.
G.E.Eydemillera: “Detskaya psixiatriya”. Piter-2005.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
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ISSN: 2181
The Mental Health of People
M.X Mirjamolov
Uzbek state university of physical education and sport
G.D. Pulatova
stage of master’s student
Annotatsiya:
December 3rd is International day of people with disabilities. In the
Uzbekistan, 1 in 4 adults—1,5 million
people will experience a disability at some point during their lives.
Disabilities limit how a child or adult functions.
may include difficulty walking or climbing stairs; hearing; seeing;
or concentrating, remembering, or making decisions.
Kalit so`zlar:
Health, People, Disabilities
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f People with Disabilities
Uzbek state university of physical education and sport PhD.
December 3rd is International day of people with disabilities. In the
illion—have a disability.1 Many
people will experience a disability at some point during their lives.
Disabilities limit how a child or adult functions. These limitations
may include difficulty walking or climbing stairs; hearing; seeing;
or concentrating, remembering, or making decisions.
Disabilities, Mental.
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Adults with disabilities report experiencing frequent mental distress almost 5 times as often as
adults without disabilities. Call your doctor if your mental health gets in the way of your daily
activities for at least 1
4 days in a month.
December 3
rd
is International day of people with disabilities. In the Uzbekistan, 1 in 4 adults—1,5
million—have a disability.
1
Many people will experience a disability at some point during their lives.
Disabilities limit how a child or adult functions. These limitations may include difficulty walking or
climbing stairs; hearing; seeing; or concentrating, remembering, or making decisions.
Although “people with disabilities” sometimes refers to a single population, this is a diverse group of
people with a wide range of needs. Two people with the same type of disability can be affected in very
different ways. Some disabilities may be hidden or not easy to see.
Many Adults with Disabilities Report Frequent Mental Distress
A recent study found that adults with disabilities report experiencing more mental distress than those
without disabilities. In 2021, an estimated 1 million (32.9%) adults with disabilities experienced
frequent mental distress, defined as 14 or more reported mentally unhealthy days in the past 30 days.
Frequent mental distress is associated with poor health behaviors, increased use of health services,
mental disorders, chronic disease, and limitations in daily life.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, isolation, disconnect, disrupted routines, and diminished health
services have greatly impacted the lives and mental well-being of people with disabilities.
Call your healthcare provider if stress gets in the way
of your daily activities for several days in a
row. Free and confidential resources can also help you or a loved one connect with a skilled, trained
counselor in your area It’s Okay Not to Feel Okay.
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Everyone reacts differently to stressful situations. How you respond to stressful situations, such as the
COVID-19 pandemic, can depend on your background, your support systems (e.g. family or friends),
your financial situation, your health and emotional background, the community you live in, and many
other factors.
People with disabilities or developmental delays may respond strongly to the stress of a crisis,
particularly if they are also at higher risk for serious illness from COVID-19 (for example, older people
and people of any age with certain underlying medical conditions).
How Are You Feeling?
We are often asked this question, and many of us say we’re “fine.” But this has been a difficult time
lately, and emotions can be complex. You may be feeling sad, worried, or stressed.
It helps to stay positive and remind yourself of your strengths. Visit
for inspiration and resources to
find what helps.
Healthy Ways to Cope with Stress
Know
what to do are you sick
and are concerned about COVID-19
. Contact a health provider
before you start any self-treatment for COVID-19.
Know where and how to get mental health treatment
and other support services and resources,
including counseling or therapy (in person or through telehealth services).
Take care of your emotional health.
Taking care of your emotional health will help you think
clearly and react to urgent needs to protect yourself and your family.
Take breaks from watching, reading, or listening to news stories
, including those on social
media. Hearing about the pandemic repeatedly can be upsetting.
Take care of your body
.
o
Take deep breaths, stretch, or meditateexternal icon
o
Try to eat healthy, well- balanced meals
o
Exercise regularly
o
Get plenty of sleep Avoid excessive alcohol and drug use
Make time to unwind
. Try to do some other activities you enjoy.
Connect with others
. Talk with people you trust about your concerns and how you are feeling.
During times of increased social distancing, people can still maintain social connections and care
for their mental health. Phone calls or video chats can help you and your loved ones feel socially
connected, less lonely, or isolated.
Connect with your community- or faith-based organizations
. While social distancing measures
are in place, consider connecting online, through social media, or by phone or mail.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
RESEARCH AND STABILITY (JARS)
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
RESEARCH AND STABILITY (JARS)
Volume: 01 Issue:
ISSN: 2181
Some Issues of the Application of Information
and Communication Technologies in the
Investigation o
Primov Bakhtiyor Olim ugli
Doctoral student of Tashkent State Law
Annotation:
The article reveals the use of information and communication
technologies in the preliminary investigation, individual aspects of
sending and receiving a crime report in electronic format, as well
as the electronic format of the preliminary investigation. The
purpose of studying this issue is to consider the possibility of
introducing existing practice and scientific developments, the
positive results of foreign countries in this area in the criminal
procedure legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. An analysis
of law enforcement practice allows us to draw well
conclusions that the process of transferring a pre
from paper to electronic format involves different directions, while
it takes a lot of time and trumpets overcoming many difficulties.
Keywords:
Preliminary investigation, crime report, electronic
document, electronic criminal investigation, electronic criminal
case, law enforcement practice.
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Issues of the Application of Information
and Communication Technologies in the
Investigation of Crimes
Doctoral student of Tashkent State Law University
The article reveals the use of information and communication
technologies in the preliminary investigation, individual aspects of
sending and receiving a crime report in electronic format, as well
preliminary investigation. The
purpose of studying this issue is to consider the possibility of
introducing existing practice and scientific developments, the
positive results of foreign countries in this area in the criminal
epublic of Uzbekistan. An analysis
of law enforcement practice allows us to draw well-grounded
conclusions that the process of transferring a pre-trial investigation
from paper to electronic format involves different directions, while
e and trumpets overcoming many difficulties.
Preliminary investigation, crime report, electronic
document, electronic criminal investigation, electronic criminal
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The use of modern information technologies is required not only when conducting individual
investigative actions, but also when the subject of the investigation makes procedural decisions on
criminal cases and inspection materials, as well as when organizing verification activities. Let's turn
now directly to the possibility of using information technology in making various kinds of decisions
during the preliminary investigation.
The essence of the adoption by the subject of the investigation of the procedural resolution is the
formation of answers to various legal questions, as well as summing up the interim or final results of
the investigation or determining the direction of further proceedings in the case. However, the
procedural action is expressed in the form provided for by the criminal procedure legislation - in the
form of a procedural act.
In this regard, we consider the use of information technology in this activity from two points of view.
The first area of activity, in our opinion, should be considered as a certain algorithm of actions of the
subject of the investigation, in which he studies the conditions and grounds for making certain
decisions. Today it can be assumed that the ability to algorithmize the process of solving any type of
problem, with which the final sequence of actions can be determined, is already a generally accepted
fact. Thus, depending on the qualification of the crime by the investigator, and the current state of the
investigation, the use of the term "algorithm" in the process of making procedural decisions seems very
appropriate. This makes it possible to identify typical crime investigation algorithms and appropriate
procedural solutions in typical investigative situations. In this case, the term "algorithm" is used in a
broad sense – as the most appropriate program while maintaining the overall constructive nature of the
investigation of a criminal case[1].
In turn, the issuance of a resolution is subject to a number of requirements, which include:
comprehensive validity of the decision, its timeliness, competence, compliance with previous
resolutions. Computer programs can help in the adoption of this resolution, which, when adopted,
should be developed taking into account the coefficients of certain circumstances. Such programs can
be useful both for experienced investigators who are independent practitioners, and for young
professionals. Undoubtedly, one of the most important decisions taken by the subject of the
investigation is the decision to initiate a criminal case or to refuse to initiate it.
Article 329 of the CPC regulates the initiation of a criminal case, which consists in the decision by the
subject of the investigation of the possibility of adopting a resolution on the initiation of a criminal case
or the existence in the current situation of grounds for refusing to initiate a criminal case (the
availability of sufficient information indicating the presence (absence) of the corpus delicti). In this
case, we are talking only about the availability of sufficient information, because all elements of the
crime can be identified and without fail only after the initiation of a criminal case, during the
performance of procedural actions at the stage of preliminary investigation.
This requirement is directly enshrined in article 82 of the CPC (circumstances to be proved).
Nevertheless, in article 2 of the CPC, where the main focus is on the tasks of criminal proceedings, the
priority is to protect the individual from illegal and unfounded accusations, criminal liability and
restrictions on his rights and freedoms, the correct solution of this issue is difficult, especially for
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inexperienced, novice investigators.
The algorithm of investigative actions proposed by us assumes the necessary actions of the subject of
the investigation during the investigation of various types of crimes. A computer program based on the
analysis of typical situations can be performed in the form of a test, when the investigator is asked to
choose one of the proposed answers and answer the questions asked to him, as well as fill out the
appropriate forms.
After all the information is collected, the program may "require" the investigator to perform additional
investigative actions or make a final decision on the investigation materials. In addition, the program
naturally "requires" the correct qualification of the case.
With the help of such software, not only information processes can be rationalized, but also automated
systems can be implemented that will allow investigators, experts and operatives to make appropriate
decisions. In recent years, dozens of systems have been developed that essentially mimic the work of
methodologists-investigators, help to investigate the most complex crimes and help formulate specific
recommendations based on the results of the investigation in criminal cases[2].
Gradually, the idea of programming the investigator's actions depending on the type of crime being
investigated, the initial data and the circumstances of the investigation is becoming more and more
rooted in the minds of scientists working in the field of forensic technologies[3].
We agree with the position of N.A. Selivanov that different elements of forensic signs are
interconnected and that the manifestation of their connection is subject to certain patterns, the
identification of one element makes it more or less likely to assume the presence of other elements, and
if the probability is high, additional elements can also be identified[4].
One of the first attempts to identify logical connections between these elements was based on the
typification of data on various elements of crime signs in the study of a significant part of murder cases
and carried out by researcher L.G. Vidonov [5].
Later, N.S. Yumashev, having studied the materials of 1,100 criminal cases, reveals the links between
robberies and robberies (according to approximately 37 parameters of forensic medical examination),
came to the conclusion that if the "attack" was committed on a citizen younger than 35 years, the
alleged (with an accuracy of 60%) criminal is a man aged 18 to 35 years; commits a crime alone; lives
in the territory of the city where the crime was committed; has secondary education; is a worker;
single; previously convicted; was drunk; as a rule, leads an antisocial lifestyle[6].
Developing this direction, researcher I.S. Fedotov suggests using standard models of the mechanism of
criminal prosecution in the investigation of violent crimes against minors. This makes great practical
sense, in our opinion, criminalistic monitoring of crimes can serve as a basis for developing
recommendations and effective methods of investigating various types of crimes. However, any
software must have a standard framework (algorithm) selected for a particular category of crimes.
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According to article 322 of the CPC, the reasons for initiating a criminal case are:
1.
statements of persons;
2.
communications from enterprises, institutions, organizations, public associations and officials;
3.
mass media reports;
4.
detection of information and traces indicating a crime directly by the investigator, investigator,
prosecutor, as well as by the body carrying out the pre-investigation check;
5.
a statement of guilt.
The grounds for initiating a criminal case are data indicating the presence of signs of a crime.
When an application for a criminal offense is submitted orally, it can be successfully recorded through
information technology in the form of recording, audio or video recording, photographing, procedural
fixing using computer technology, as well as through audio, video messages and sending an electronic
file to law enforcement agencies through available means of telecommunications.
If the fact of the commission of a crime is revealed during the investigative action, it is included in the
protocol of this investigative action, while during a specific investigative action, information
technology can be used as an alternative means (audio and video) of fixing when correcting the
electronic protocol, its procedural design and drawing up the necessary applications (by means of
copying equipment).
If the application is submitted orally, but the applicant cannot participate in person (for example, he is
in a medical institution due to injury to health, for reasons of personal safety, etc.), in this case, the
application is made by an authorized employee of a particular law enforcement agency in accordance
with Article 328 of the CPC, and information technology (audio and video recordings) can be used to
make such an application and its appendices.
Law enforcement agencies have departmental instructions that determine the procedure for receiving,
registering and reviewing reports of crimes and offenses sent on condition of confidentiality (during
operational activities).
In addition, we believe that information technologies can be successfully used to record information
received on digital media about a crime (offense), as well as to inform participants in criminal
proceedings about the procedural decision made by the subjects of the investigation.
Information technologies can be successfully used in the creation of electronic databases to collect
information in the order of receipt and registration, as well as to monitor the progress of proceedings in
a criminal case.
Other sources of information about the crime include:
1.
direct detection by the subjects of proof of information about the commission of a crime;
2.
obtaining information about crimes committed, being committed or being prepared by law
enforcement agencies, as well as other bodies and officials responsible for identifying and reporting
violations in the relevant area as a result of inspections and studies;
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3.
official letters, statements, communications and documentary materials from enterprises and
organizations of various forms of ownership, officials, persons affected by someone's criminal
actions and in need of protection, public associations demanding that the perpetrators be held
accountable;
4.
materials of operational search activities;
5.
electronic surveillance materials used in everyday life.
Thus, digital video surveillance, access control systems, security and fire alarm systems, innovative
identification systems, computer control centers, software products and various other technologies are
increasingly being used to ensure public safety, including fixing the facts of offenses.
Therefore, if the material carriers obtained as a result of the use of information technologies have
sufficient information to identify signs of a crime, such information may be the basis for initiating a
criminal case in accordance with the procedure established by the criminal procedure legislation.
Information and communication capabilities involve the use of starting from the initiation of a criminal
case to the preparation of an indictment, the implementation of procedural control, objective analysis
and evaluation of procedural actions, the creation of conditions for the systematic management of the
ongoing investigation of criminal cases, while significantly improving the efficiency of criminal
proceedings and the entire process of record keeping within it.
In accordance with article 12 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Internal Affairs" No.ZRU-
407 dated September 16, 2016, the internal affairs bodies, in accordance with the legislation, ensure the
provision of electronic public services within their competence to individuals and legal entities, as well
as the use of electronic forms for receiving and registering documents, notifications on the provision of
public services.
At the same time, in the Russian Federation, the use of information and communication technologies in
the activities of bodies for receiving and registering reports of crimes is fixed at the legislative level [7].
Thus, in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 210-FZ of July 27, 2010 "On
the Organization of the provision of State and Municipal Services", reports of crimes are processed
electronically through the unified portal of state and municipal services [8].
Law enforcement agencies have organizational and administrative documents regulating the formation
and use of state information resources. The departmental rules governing the procedure for obtaining,
registering, studying and disclosing information about crimes also provide for receiving messages in
electronic form through official websites[9], telephone, telegraph and other means of
communication[10].
In our opinion, it is advisable to apply this experience in our country as well. The study of practice
shows that currently law enforcement agencies use various forms of obtaining information about a
crime committed or being committed to ensure citizens' access to justice. A network of dispatching
services of emergency services, a geographically distributed automated telecommunications
management system has been created using a single telephone number "102".
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By the way, in 2018, the "Safe Capital" system was introduced in Tashkent, while as part of its
implementation, the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Republic of
Uzbekistan installed a set of equipment and software, all departments of the GUVD of the city of
Tashkent. Tashkent were equipped with an intelligent face recognition system and equipment for
registration of vehicle license plates [11].
Thus, the introduction of the latest means of communication and information can be considered as one
of the priority areas for optimizing law enforcement activities, changing the style, form and technology
of the organizational component of the procedural order of consideration of a crime report. However,
practice shows that modern technical innovations are not fully used. In our point of view, the main
reasons for citizens' inactivity in this area are: insufficient awareness of the possibilities and advantages
of using these methods of reporting crimes, low computer literacy, lack of technological capabilities in
small towns, villages and auls; distrust of modern means of disseminating citizens' information on the
Internet.
We believe that these obstacles can be partially overcome by allowing law enforcement agencies to
more actively use the opportunity to inform citizens about the facts of crimes through the widespread
introduction of a unified electronic document management system using electronic signatures.
The advantages of electronic document exchange are unconditional. This will significantly speed up the
process of receiving and processing information, respond promptly by automating the process of
receiving and registering reports of crimes, thereby contributing to the rapid restoration of violated
citizens' rights, saving time, reducing the workload, as well as eliminating the subjective arbitrariness
of officials. In addition, sending a crime report electronically at any time, anywhere, from any
computer connected to the network, in the absence of transport infrastructure, geographical distance is
also convenient for people with disabilities.
At the same time, despite the fact that the use of electronic document management in criminal
proceedings, in fact, has already begun, there is no legal concept and regulatory procedure for
electronic reporting of crimes in the CPC. In our opinion, it is necessary to legislatively regulate the
relations of receiving and registering reports of crimes in electronic form and give it an appropriate
legal status.
We believe that reports of crimes received electronically should be considered as electronic documents.
As a carrier of primary information about a crime, it enters the information system using electronic
means of communication, is automatically included in a single document flow, becomes an element of
electronic interaction and is recorded in the database by technical means. This allows you to process
the message in the future: automatic registration, sending confirmation of receipt, exchange of
information, its receipt and storage, application in statistical documents and search engines.
An electronic message about a crime can come to the authorities through various channels of
information and communication, while the forms of such a message vary significantly. In particular,
the message can be received via the Internet via a universal electronic card, a mobile application for
smartphones and tablets, and official law enforcement websites. An electronic message about a crime
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must contain the following mandatory details: the name of the law enforcement agency to which the
message about the crime was sent, the surname, first name, patronymic of the applicant, registration
address and place of residence, e-mail, mobile and landline phone numbers, information about the
crime committed or being committed or being prepared, information about the prevention of criminal
liability for perjury in accordance with Article 238 of the Criminal Code, information about the
procedure for obtaining confirmation of receipt of information, personal data of the applicant for
storage and processing in accordance with the legislation on personal data, electronic signature, date of
the message.
You can also report a crime through other information channels: social networks, email, ISQ, Skype,
etc.
In this case, to receive an electronic message about a crime, not a type of electronic communication is
used, but an electronic form of information about the identity of the applicant or the source of
information about the crime committed, being committed or being prepared for commission. In this
matter, it is necessary to agree with A.P.Vershinin that the content of electronic documents does not
differ from the information that may constitute the content of other types of documents, for example,
paper documents. The only difference is the specific form of the availability of data about the crime on
a tangible medium. Since information about a crime can be presented in three different ways, it is
important to determine which of them cannot be submitted electronically.
A declaration of guilt (yaka with a confession), confirmed by a signature, also has a simple written
form, in our opinion, this method cannot be accepted electronically. The admission of guilt implies a
personal, voluntary and active approach on the part of a person who has information about the crime
committed by him or his accomplices directly to the authorities and officials authorized to initiate a
criminal case. The legislative body, using the term "appearance" in the title of the article, defines its
position - a person must appear (arrive) at the competent authority and verbally or in writing report the
crime committed. In addition, a personal statement of guilt reduces the likelihood of self-incrimination
and abuse of power by officials.
Thus, taking into account the above, we can say that
an electronic message about a crime is a message
about a crime sent electronically or via other remote channels, including using the Internet
information and telecommunications network.
In this regard, in order to consolidate procedural relations with the use of information and
communication technologies in legislation, we consider it necessary to supplement paragraphs "1), 2)
and 3)" of Article 322 and part one of Article 324 of the CPC with the words "via electronic or other
remote communication channels, as well as through the use of the Internet information and
telecommunications network."
The received message must be registered immediately. If there are circumstances preventing the
implementation of this rule, registration is carried out through various communication channels. In the
internal affairs bodies, this activity is carried out in the round-the-clock duty units of the territorial
bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
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However, it is advisable to use the possibilities of information technology when registering reports of
crimes. Thus, in accordance with the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of
Uzbekistan dated July 8, 2021 "On additional measures for the introduction of an electronic system of
proceedings in cases of administrative offenses" No. 431, the state automated system for electronic
processing of information on administrative offenses, administrative fines and other penalties
"Electronic administrative case" was introduced[12].
We believe that the prospects for using similar information and communication technologies include
the implementation of a project for electronic registration of crimes, which provides for the creation of
a unified electronic database on crimes, the form, content, details and procedure for filling in an
approximate electronic template (form) of a crime report.
In this case, information about the registration of a message by an authorized official is automatically
reflected in a similar system of the prosecutor's office. This will allow the prosecutor, who oversees
compliance with the requirements of the law when receiving, registering and reviewing reports of
crimes, to receive complete information online about the registration of a crime report, its dynamics,
timing and results of checking the message. The use of innovations will ensure the transparency of the
criminal process, will positively affect the legality in the field of accounting and the discipline of office
work, the ability of the prosecutor's office to record information necessary for maintaining a unified
state statistical record of crimes, will increase the effectiveness of prosecutorial control.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the use of modern information technologies as a promising, in-
demand in practice effective organizational component of the procedural procedure for receiving and
registering criminal communications, as well as the direction of the optimal organization of criminal
proceedings, cannot be limited only for use in registering reports of a crime. In our opinion, we can talk
about the following promising areas of application of forces and potential of information and
communication technologies:
1.
creation of a model of a single information space for units authorized to investigate crimes by
combining information resources on a single technological platform;
2.
the use of modern telecommunication technologies and open communication channels of the global
Internet to create online services that work in the form of network communication mechanisms, an
open forum, e-mail nodes, an Internet platform and others;
3.
equipping all law enforcement agencies with software and key media for electronic document
management using electronic signatures (as well as creating a mobile location "Safe City").
References:
1.
Возгрин И. А. Научные основы криминалистической методики расследования преступлений.
Часть III. — СПб. : Санкт-Петербургский юридический институт МВД России, 1993. — Б. 34
2.
Ищенко Е.П., Топорков А.А. Криминалистика: учебник / под ред. Е.П. Ищенко. — 2-е изд. ,
испр., доп. и перераб. — М. : КОНТРАКТ, ИНФРА-М, 2012. — С
3.
Белкин Р.С. Курс криминалистики: криминалистические средства, приемы и рекомендации:
в 3 т. Т.1. — М.: Юристъ, 1997. — Б. 218
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ISSN: 2181-2608
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4.
Селиванов Н.А. Криминалистические характеристики преступлений и следственные
ситуации в методике расследования преступлений // Социалистическая законность. — 1977.
— №2. — Б. 10
5.
Видонов Л.Г. Криминалистические характеристики убийств и система типовых версий о
лицах, совершивших убийства в отсутствие очевидцев: автореф. дис. ... канд. юрид. наук. —
М., 1979.
6.
Юмашев Н.С. Расследование грабежей и разбойных нападений, совершаемых с целью
завладения имуществом граждан. — М., 1991
7.
См.: Об организации представления государственных и муниципальных услуг: Федеральный
закон от 27.07. 2010 № 210–ФЗ (в ред. от 02.07.2013) // СПС «КонсультантПлюс»; О
государственной программе Российской Федерации "Информационное общество (2011 –
2020 годы):распоряжение Правительства РФ от 20.10.2010 № 1815–р (ред. от 20.07.2013) //
СПС «КонсультантПлюс»; Об утверждении Стратегии инновационного развития Российской
Федерации на период до 2020 года: распоряжение Правительства Российской Федерации от
08.12.2011 № 2227–р. // СПС «КонсультантПлюс».
8.
См.: Об утверждении новой редакции Программы МВД России «Создание единой
информационно– телекоммуникационной системы органов внутренних дел»: приказ МВД
России № 435 от 20.05.2008 (с изм. от 25.07.2009) // СПС «КонсультантПлюс»; Концепция
создания единой системы информационно аналитического обеспечения деятельности МВД
РФ в 2012–2014г.:приказ МВД России № 205 от 30.03.2012 // СПС «КонсультантПлюс»; Об
утверждении плана информатизации МВД России на 2014 год и плановый период 2015 и
2016 годов: распоряжение МВД России № 1/8256 от 4 .09. 2014 // СПС «КонсультантПлюс».
9.
Об утверждении Инструкции о порядке приема, регистрации и разрешения в
территориальных органах Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации заявлений и
сообщений о преступлениях, об административных правонарушениях, о происшествиях:
приказ МВД России №736 от 29.08. 2014. // СПС «Консультант Плюс».
10.
Об организации приема, регистрации и проверки сообщений о преступлении в следственных
органах (следственных подразделениях) системы Следственного комитета Российской
Федерации: приказ СК России №72 от 11.10. 2012 // СПС «КонсультантПлюс».
11.
Постановление Президента Республики Узбекистан от 19 июня 2018 года № ПП-3786 «О
дополнительных мерах по повышению эффективности обеспечения общественного порядка,
профилактики правонарушений и борьбы с преступностью в городе Ташкенте» //
Национальная база данных законодательства, 20.06.2018 г., №09/18/3786/1368
12.
Постановление Кабинета Министров Республики Узбекистан от 8 июля 2021 г. «О
дополнительных мерах по внедрению электронной системы производства по делам об
административных
правонарушениях»
№
431
//
Национальная
база
данных
законодательства, 09.07.2021 г., №09/21/431/0656.
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Volume: 01 Issue:
ISSN: 2181
Psixologik Salomatlik V
Alijonov Nurbek
Farg’ona Davlat Universiteti Psixologiya
Annotatsiya:
The article reveals the use of information
technologies in the preliminary investigation, individual aspects of
sending and receiving a crime report in electronic format, as well as
the electronic format of the preliminary investigation. The purpose
of studying this issue is to consider the possibility of introducing
existing practice and scientific developments, the positive results of
foreign countries in this area in the criminal procedure legislation of
the Republic of Uzbekistan. An analysis of law enforcement
practice allows us to draw well-grounded conclusions that the
process of transferring a pre-trial investigation from paper to
electronic format involves different directions, while it takes a lot of
time and trumpets overcoming many difficulties.
Kalit so’zlar:
ruhiyat, ong, aql, sog’lik, psixik salomatlik,
rivojlanish, davr, bosqich, mexanizm, mohiyat.
Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2021
2181-2608
666
Psixologik Salomatlik Va Uning Mohiyati
Psixologiya Kafedrasi O’qituvchisi
The article reveals the use of information and communication
technologies in the preliminary investigation, individual aspects of
sending and receiving a crime report in electronic format, as well as
the electronic format of the preliminary investigation. The purpose
nsider the possibility of introducing
existing practice and scientific developments, the positive results of
foreign countries in this area in the criminal procedure legislation of
the Republic of Uzbekistan. An analysis of law enforcement
grounded conclusions that the
trial investigation from paper to
electronic format involves different directions, while it takes a lot of
time and trumpets overcoming many difficulties.
ong, aql, sog’lik, psixik salomatlik,
bosqich, mexanizm, mohiyat.
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667
Shaxsiy rivojlanish va psixologik salomatlik hozirgi kunda ruhiy va psixologik sog'liq muammolari
mahalliy fanlarda faol o'rganilmoqda. Psixologiya ushbu muammolarni hal qilishda, birinchi navbatda,
psixologik ta'lim xizmatining rivojlanishi bilan bog'liq muhim hissa qo'shadi. Atamasi “ psixologik
salomatlik ” Ushbu kontseptsiyaga, uning fikricha, aqliy salomatlik fenomeni bilan aloqani I.V.
Dubrovina kiritdi. Dubrovinaning so'zlariga ko'ra, psixologik salomatlik ruhiy salomatlikning bir
qismidir, u "shaxsiyatni" umuman anglatadi va "inson ruhining eng yuqori namoyishlari" bilan
belgilanadi. Qatnashchilarga astma sabab bo'lganligi sababli, polen astma holati qayd etilganligi
ta'kidlandi. Shuningdek, ishtirokchilarga ruhiy buzilishlarning sabablari ular tartibsizlikni qanchalik
tezlashtirganiga qarab o'zgarishi mumkinligi va ular tezda o'zlarining sabablarini va uzoqroq
sabablarini o'zlarining ro'yxatiga kiritishlari kerakligi haqida ma'lumot berildi. Ushbu ko'rsatma
kasalliklarning asosiy sabablarini, shuningdek xatti-harakatlarga ta'sir qiluvchi bevosita sabablarni
aniqlashga qaratilgan. Va nihoyat, ishtirokchilarga sabablarni sanab o'tgandan so'ng, ularning har biri 1
dan 10 gacha bo'lgan shkalada qanchalik muhim yoki kuchli ekanligini baholashlari kerakligi haqida
ko'rsatma berildi. Agar psixologik sog'lomlik haqidagi g'oyalarning paydo bo'lishining tarixiy tomoniga
murojaat qilsak, ular Sharqda birinchi marta shakllana boshlaydilar. Qadimgi Hindistonda miloddan
avvalgi 6 asr Vedalar sog'lom turmush tarzining asosiy qoidalarini shakllantirishadi. Ulardan biri
psixikaning barqaror muvozanatiga erishishdir. Ushbu muvozanatga erishish uchun birinchi va zaruriy
shart - bu to'liq ichki erkinlik, odamning jismoniy va ruhiy ekologik omillarga qattiq bog'liqligi
yo'qligi. Ichki muvozanatni o'rnatishga olib keladigan yana bir yo'l yurak, sevgi yo'li edi. Erkinlik
baxsh etadigan muhabbat bxakti yoga-sida odamni, bir guruh odamlarni sevish emas, balki bu
dunyodagi barcha tirik mavjudotga bo'lgan muhabbat borliq mohiyatining eng yuqori ifodasi sifatida
tushuniladi. Ichki erkinlikka erishishning uchinchi usuli - aql, aql yo'li - jana-yoga taklif qildi, unda
birorta ham yogi bilimdan voz kechmasligi kerak, chunki u hayotiylikni oshiradi. Astma misolidan
foydalanib, ishtirokchilarga agar "yoshligida sigaret chekishni" zaif omil deb hisoblasangiz, bu
ko'rsatkichni 2 martagacha baholash mumkin va agar "stress" nuqtai nazaridan kuchliroq rol o'ynasa
deb aytilgan. astma, deb baholanishi mumkin. Sabablar ro'yxati va tartibsizlikning ahamiyatini baholab
bo'lgandan so'ng, ishtirokchilar o'zlarining sabablari bilan tanishdilar va sabablarni baholash bilan
bog'liq uchta vazifani bajarishdi. Ular endi biologik, psixologik va atrof-muhitga bog'liq bo'lgan
sabablarni baholashni so'rab, uchta alohida topshiriqni bajarishlarini aytishdi. Ishtirokchilardan oldingi
vazifalarda berilgan baholarni esga olmagan holda, har bir vazifani alohida-alohida ajratish so'raldi va
ularga aniq sabab psixologik, biologik va atrof-muhit bo'lishi mumkinligi eslatildi, chunki ular o'zaro
eksklyuziv sohalar emas. Sharq falsafasida inson aqli va tanasining birligiga har doim alohida e'tibor
qaratilgan. Xullas, xitoy mutafakkirlari tananing nomutanosibligi aqliy beparvolik natijasida yuzaga
keladi deb ishonishgan. Ular beshta og'riqli kayfiyatni ajratib ko'rsatishdi: g'azab va jahldorlik, tajriba,
tashvish va umidsizlik, qayg'u va qayg'u, qo'rquv va tashvish. Bunday kayfiyatlarga moyillik,
insonning hayotini qisqartirgan holda, ikkala organning va umuman butun organizmning energiyasini
buzadi va falaj qiladi. Quvonch tananing energiya oqimlariga uyg'un elastiklik beradi va umrni
uzaytiradi. Sabablarni baholash bilan bog'liq bo'lgan vazifalar doirasi va ko'rsatmalari ishda bir xil edi.
Sabablarni baholash bilan bog'liq uchta vazifaning tartibi Lotin kvadratining dizayni yordamida
muvozanatlangan, shunda to'qqizta tartibsizliklarda har bir vazifa buyurtmaning har bir bandida bir xil
ko'rinishda bo'lgan. Psixologik, ekologik va biologik sabablar o'rtasidagi o'zaro bog'liqlik Tadqiqot
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oxirida klinisyenlar so'ralgan demografik ma'lumotlarni to'ldirishdi. Xususan, biologik sabab kamroq
psixologik deb hisoblangan va aksincha. Deyarli barcha ishtirokchilar sabablarni biologik va psixologik
baholash o'rtasida sezilarli salbiy bog'liqlikni ko'rsatdilar. Ushbu shakllar bo'yicha ijtimoiy ishchilar,
psixologlar va psixiatrlar o'rtasida aniq farqlar mavjud emas. Shuningdek, har bir buzuqlik uchun
o'rtacha biologik, ekologik va psixologik baholardan foydalanib tahlillarni o'tkazdik. Tibet tibbiyotida
mashhur "Chjud-shi" risolasida johillik barcha kasalliklarning keng tarqalgan sababi deb hisoblangan.
Jaholat, kasal turmush tarzini, abadiy norozilikni keltirib chiqaradi, og'riqli, pessimistik his-tuyg'ularga,
halokatli ehtiroslarga, adolatsiz g'azabga, odamlarning noroziligiga olib keladi. Har bir narsada
me'yorga kelish, tabiiy tabiiylik va jaholatni engish insonning jismoniy va aqliy farovonligini
belgilaydigan sog'lom turmush tarzining asosiy tarkibiy qismidir. Bundan tashqari, biz ishtirokchilar
har bir sabab uchun bergan reytinglarning ahamiyatini hisobga olgan holda shunga o'xshash tahlillarni
o'tkazdik. Ya'ni, biz har bir sababning ahamiyatini biologik, psixologik va atrof-muhit nuqtai nazaridan
hisobga olgan holda ko'paytirdik va keyinchalik klinisyen buzuqlikni ko'rsatgan barcha sabablarga
ko'ra uning o'rtacha qiymatini oshirdik. Keyin to'qqizta kasallikning har biri uchun 63 ta shifokordan
o'rtacha hisobni oldik. Ushbu qonuniyatlarning qanday paydo bo'lganligini o'rganish uchun biz
klinisyenlarning biologik, psixologik va ekologik deb hisoblaydigan sabablari tarkibini ko'rib chiqdik.
Sabablarning turlarini taqsimlash to'g'risida tushuncha olish uchun biz sabablarni "biologik" deb
tasnifladik, agar ular biologik asoslarni baholash uchun etti balli shkala bo'yicha 4 dan yuqori
baholangan bo'lsa, agar ular o'rtadan yuqori baholangan bo'lsa "psixologik". psixologik o'lchov, va
shunga o'xshash ekologik sabablarga ko'ra. Shunday qilib, sabablarni biologik, faqat psixologik, faqat
ekologik yoki har qanday uchta kombinatsiya sifatida tasniflash mumkin. Sharq falsafasi insonni yaxlit
atrof-muhit, tabiat, makon bilan uzviy bog'laydigan tushunchaga asoslanadi va sog'liqni saqlashga
qaratilgan bo'lib, insonning kasalliklarga qarshi tura olish imkoniyatlarini aniqlaydi.
1
Insonning
psixologik salomatligi haqida ma'lumotlar ham mavjud qadimiy falsafa. Qadimgi davr mutafakkirlari
ushbu hodisadagi o'ziga xos elementlarni ajratishga harakat qilishadi. Masalan, Gipokrat “Sog'lom
turmush tarzi to'g'risida” risolasida ushbu hodisani bir qator profilaktika choralariga rioya qilgan holda
izlash kerak bo'lgan uyg'unlik sifatida ko'rib chiqadi. U asosan insonning jismoniy sog'lig'iga
qaratilgan. Demokrit ma'naviy ruhni, ya'ni "aqlning yaxshi holati" ni tasvirlaydi, unda ruh tinch va
muvozanatli, hech qanday ehtiroslar, qo'rquvlar yoki boshqa tajribalar haqida qayg'urmaydi. Ruhiy
kasalliklar sabablarining uchdan bir qismidan ko'pi psixologik, ham atrof-muhit jihatidan ko'rib
chiqilgan. Keyingi eng mashhur bo'lgan 7% orasida sof biologik sabablar, keyin toza psixologik
sabablar 2%, sof ekologik sabablar - 7%. Tasviriy maqsadlarda biz klinisyenlarning sabablarini
yuqorida ko'rsatilgan sxema bo'yicha ko'rsatilgan biologik, psixologik yoki ekologik tasniflari bilan 18
toifaga ajratdik.
2
Ko'pincha sabablarning toifalari "stressli hayot voqealari" va "ijtimoiy omillar" bo'lib,
to'qqizta ruhiy kasalliklar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan sabablarning uchdan bir qismini tashkil etadi. Ushbu
muhim sabablar biologik emas, balki psixologik va ekologik sabablar sifatida ko'rib chiqilgan. Ichida
qadimgi dunyo Sog'lom turmush tarzi an'analari mavjud. Sog'lig'ining mavjudligi yosh avlodning
intellektual rivojlanishini ta'minlashning asosiy mezoni edi. Shunday qilib, jismonan kam rivojlangan
1
www. Ziyonet .uz
2
www.ziyonet
.uz
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yigitlar oliy ma'lumot olish huquqiga ega emas edilar. Qadimgi Yunonistonda tanaga sig'inish davlat
qonunlari doirasida qurilgan, jismoniy tarbiyaning qat'iy tizimi mavjud. Bundan tashqari, biologik
shikastlanishga katta ta'sir ko'rsatadigan jismoniy sharoitlar kamdan-kam hollarda eslatib o'tilgan.
Ya'ni, psixologik va ekologik reytinglar o'rtasidagi ijobiy bog'liqlik aniq ko'rinib turibdi, chunki ruhiy
kasalliklar sohasidagi eng muhim ekologik sabablar psixologik mexanizmlarga yaqin bo'lgan ijtimoiy
ekologik omillardir. Ushbu o'zaro ta'sir psixiatrlar, ijtimoiy ishchilar va psixologlar uchun alohida
ko'rib chiqilganda ham ahamiyatli edi. Keyingi muntazam taqqoslashlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, har bir
buzuqlikda terapiya psixologik sabablarga ko'ra yuzaga kelgan holatlarga nisbatan samaraliroq
davolanish sifatida ko'riladi. Qarama-qarshi tendentsiya asosiyda topildi depressiv buzuqlik va
umumlashtirilgan tashvish buzilishi biologik sabablarga ko'ra. Ushbu davrda insonning psixologik
salomatligi haqidagi birinchi tushunchalar paydo bo'ladi: "o'zingizni biling", "o'zingizga g'amxo'rlik
qiling". Ikkinchi kontseptsiyaga ko'ra, har bir kishi o'ziga nisbatan amalga oshiriladigan va o'ziga
g'amxo'rlik qilishni, o'zgarishni, o'zgarishni o'z ichiga olgan muayyan harakat yo'nalishiga ega bo'lishi
kerak. Qadimgi davrning o'ziga xos xususiyati shundaki, sog'lom turmush tarzining jismoniy tarkibiy
qismi ma'naviy holatni orqaga suradi. Sharq falsafasida insonning ruhiy va jismoniy holati o'rtasidagi
uzviy bog'liqlik aniq izohlanadi. Sog'liqni saqlash "zaruriy daraja va eng yuqori qiymat" sifatida
qaraladi. Sharq tibbiyotining qoidalari insonga shaxs sifatida munosabatda bo'lishga asoslangan. Bu
shifokor va bemor o'rtasidagi muloqot shakllarida, u o'zini ko'radigan nuqtai nazardan namoyon bo'ladi,
chunki odamning o'zidan boshqa hech kim uning turmush tarzini, odatlarini, hayotga va kasallikka
munosabatini o'zgartira olmaydi. Ushbu yondashuv ko'plab kasalliklar funktsional xususiyatga ega
ekanligi va ularning alomatlari jiddiy hissiy va ijtimoiy muammolarning signallari ekanligiga
asoslanadi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati
1.
Komilov N. Komil inson to‘g‘risida to‘rt risola. -T.: 1997.
2.
Mahmudov I. Boshqaruv psixologiyasi. -T.: “Akademiya”, 2006.
3.
Ma'naviy yuksalish yo‘lida. -T.: “Ma'naviyat”, 2008.
4.
Omonov B. Siyosiy yetakchining notiqlik mahorati. -T.: “O‘zbekiston”, 2000.
5.
Arofatxon, A., & Mohinur, D. (2021). Oilaviy Munosabatlar Va Ularga Psixologik Yondashuv
Negizi. Ижтимоий Фанларда Инновация онлайн илмий журнали, 1(1), 108-114.
6.
Jalolova, Mohinur. "SENSORY DEVELOPMENT IN PRESCHOOL AGE." Archive of
Conferences. Vol. 25. No. 1. 2021.
7.
Djalolova, M., and D. Karimov. "DEVELOPING CREATIVE THINKING IN CHILDREN."
Психологическое здоровье населения как важный фактор обеспечения процветания
общества. 2020.
8.
Djalolova, Moxinur, and Sherali Omonov. "Development of creative thinking in children."
Proceedings of the ICECRS 4 (2019).
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
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JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
RESEARCH AND STABILITY (JARS)
Volume: 01 Issue:
ISSN: 2181
G‘ildirakga ta’sir etuvchi vertikal va gorizontal
kuchlarning Solidworks dasturida tahlili
Ruzmetov Yodgor Ozodovich
Elektrotexnika va kompyuter muhandisligi fakulteti, fakultet
dekani, t.f.n., dotsent, Toshkent davlat transport universiteti
Shokuchkorov Qurbonnazar Salimo‘G‘li
Toshkent davlat transport universiteti, Temir yo‘l transporti
muhandisligi fakulteti, fakultet dekani o‘rinbosari,
Annotatsiya:
Bu maqolada yuk vagon G‘ildiragiga, kuch ta’sir qilishi natijasida
hosil bo‘ladigan kuchlanishni formulalar yordamida hamda
MathCad dasturi orqali hisob-kitobi keltirilgan.Solidworks dasturi
orqali G‘ildirakning 3d modeli 10-
yumalash yuzasiga simulation bo‘limi orqali hisoblangan kuchlar
qo‘yildi va natijalar jadval holatiga keltirildi.G‘ildirak xizmat
muddati davomida hisob-kitob normasiga ko‘ra 5 marta yo‘niladi
va har bir yo‘nilganda hisobiy maydondagi kuchlanishlar qiymati
o‘zgarib boradi.
Kalit so’zlar:
yumalash yuzasi, polzun, notekis prokat,
G‘ildirak.
Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2021
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G‘ildirakga ta’sir etuvchi vertikal va gorizontal
kuchlarning Solidworks dasturida tahlili
uhandisligi fakulteti, fakultet
t davlat transport universiteti
Salimo‘G‘li
Toshkent davlat transport universiteti, Temir yo‘l transporti
muhandisligi fakulteti, fakultet dekani o‘rinbosari, Assistent
maqolada yuk vagon G‘ildiragiga, kuch ta’sir qilishi natijasida
hosil bo‘ladigan kuchlanishni formulalar yordamida hamda
kitobi keltirilgan.Solidworks dasturi
-791GOST bo‘yicha chizilib
yuzasiga simulation bo‘limi orqali hisoblangan kuchlar
qo‘yildi va natijalar jadval holatiga keltirildi.G‘ildirak xizmat
kitob normasiga ko‘ra 5 marta yo‘niladi
va har bir yo‘nilganda hisobiy maydondagi kuchlanishlar qiymati
yumalash yuzasi, polzun, notekis prokat, ressorostki,
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
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Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-2608
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Kirish
G‘ildirak juftliklari xarakat tarkibining asosiy qismi hisoblanib, uning mustaxkamligi, ishonchliligi
vagon paydo bo‘libdiki eng asosiy masala bo‘lib xisoblanadi. G‘ildirakning mustahkamligini baholash,
tahlil qilish va uni oshirish bo‘yicha ko‘plab olimlar ish olib borgan.
G‘ildirakga vertikal, gorizontal kuchlar ta’sir qiladi (1-rasm) va o‘z-o‘zidan bu kuchlar statik va
dinamik turlarga ajraladi. Bu kuchlarni topishda vagonning yuklangan yoki yuklanmagan holati
inobatga olinadi[1]. Quyidagi hisobiy chizmada G‘ildirakning aylanish yuzasiga kuchlar qo‘yilganligi
va uning chiziqli o‘lchamlari keltirilgan.
1-rasm: Norma valoyihalashbo‘yichaG‘ildirakko‘rinishi
Ushbu chizmada G‘ildirakga qo‘yiladigan vertikal P va gorizontal Q kuchlar, uning chiziqli
o‘lchamlari hamda hisobiy zonasi ko‘rsatilgan. G‘ildirakga ta’sir etuvchi kuchlar uning aylanish yuzasi
nosozliklariga qarab har xil qiymatlarda o‘zgarib turadi.Kuchlarni topishimizda G‘ildirak aylanish
yuzasining 3 xil nosozlik xolatini ko‘rib chiqamiz: defektsiz,polzunva notekis prokat. Ushbu nosozlik
holatida ta’sir etuvchi kuchlar qiymati quyidagi jadvalda keltirilgan formulalar yordamida
hisoblanadi
2
.
G‘ildirakga ta’sir etadigan kuchlarni hisoblaganimizda o‘qga tushadigan oG‘irlikni 23,5 tonna deb
hisobga olamiz
3
.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
RESEARCH AND STABILITY (JARS)
Yumalash yuzasining holati
Defektsiz
Polzun
Notekis prokat
Har qanday holatda
*izoh: statik holatda
m
n
= 1797 kg – G‘ildirakga ta’sir qiluvchi
υ = 25
Jadvalda keltirilgan formulalar orqali
kuchlarning vagon yuklangan hamda
Yuklangan G‘ildirakning 3 xil holatida ta’sir etuvchi kuchlarning
tayyorlandi.
Ushbu hisoblangan kuchlar Solidworks
yumalash yuzasiga simulation bo‘
Series1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
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Volume: 01 Issue:
ISSN: 2181
Yumalash yuzasining holati
Aniqlash uchun formulalar
Matematik kutilish
O‘rtacha kvadrat yaqinlashish
Vertikal kuch
𝑃
̅
1
=0,621·P
𝑃
̅
2
=0,856·P
Gorizontal kuch
𝑄
=3,78·10
-3
υ·P
j
Q
S
tatik holatda G‘ildirakdan relsga ta’sir etuvchi vertikal kuchlar
P=P
o
=235 yuklangan holatda
P=P
n
=60 – yuklanmagan holatda
ildirakga ta’sir qiluvchi ressor ostki qismlarining umumis o
= 25 m/s (90 km/(soat)) – hisobiy tezlik.
Jadvalda keltirilgan formulalar orqali G‘ildirakdan relsga ta’sir etuvchi vertikal va gorizontal
kuchlarning vagon yuklangan hamda yuklanmagan holatdagi qiymatlari hisoblab chiqildi.
ildirakning 3 xil holatida ta’sir etuvchi kuchlarning o‘zgarishi b
Solidworks dasturida 10-791 GOST bo‘yicha
o‘limi yordamida qo‘yildi (2-rasm).
1
2
Series1
142.8
196.9
273.8
Yuklangan holatda ta'sir etuvchi kuch o'zgarishi
kN
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Aniqlash uchun formulalar
rtacha kvadrat yaqinlashish
j
= 2,457·10
-3
υ·P
ildirakdan relsga ta’sir etuvchi vertikal kuchlar, kN
ressor ostki qismlarining umumis oG‘irligi
ildirakdan relsga ta’sir etuvchi vertikal va gorizontal
yuklanmagan holatdagi qiymatlari hisoblab chiqildi.
zgarishi bo‘yicha grafik
yicha chizilgan G‘ildirakning
3
273.8
Yuklangan holatda ta'sir etuvchi kuch o'zgarishi
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2-rasm Solidworks/simulation dasturida G‘ildirakga kuch qo‘yilgan tasviri
Har bitta kuch qo‘yish natijasida hosil bo‘ladigan kuchlanish qiymati shu ko‘rinishda tasvirlanadi va
o‘rtacha qiymati olinib jadvalga ko‘chirildi.
Kuchlarning
blok nomeri j
Vagon
holati
Ta’sir
etuvchi
kuch, kN
Harakatda
gi ulushi
λ
G‘ildirak hisobiy maydonidagi o‘rtacha
Mizes kuchlanishi n marta yo‘nilganda,
МPа
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
1
Yuklangan
P
1
=142,8
0,2514
45
50
55
57
60
2
P
2
=196,9
0,045
55
60
65
72
77
3
P
3
=273,8
0,0036
75
85
90
100
110
4
Yuklanma
gan
P
1
=37,3
0,1676
10
11
12
15
16
5
P
2
=51,4
0,03
15
18
19
21
22
6
P
3
=182,7
0,0024
50
55
60
70
75
7
Yuklangan
P
1
=142,8
Q=21,7
0,2514
48
53
60
64
69
8
P
2
=196,9
Q=21,7
0,045
60
70
78
82
92
9
P
3
=273,8
Q=21,7
0,0036
80
90
100
110
120
10
Yuklanma
gan
P
1
=37,3
Q=5,67
0,1676
10
12
15
17
18
11
P
2
=51,4
Q=5,67
0,03
15
19
21
22
24
12
P
3
=182,7
Q=5,67
0,0024
55
60
67
73
76
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Izoh: P
1
– G‘ildirak aylanish yuzasining defektsiz holati uchun; P
2
– G‘ildirak polzun holati
uchun; P
3
– G‘ildirak yuzasi notekis prokat bo‘lgan holati uchun.
Hisobiy maydondagi Mizes kuchlanishi G‘ildirakning minimum chegaragacha yo‘nilganda va
kuchlarning o‘zgarishi bo‘yicha kuchlar qo‘yilishi natijasida olindi.
G‘ildirak yuklangan defektsiz holatida faqat vertikal kuch hisoblanganda unga 142,8 kN kuch ta’sir
etadi va bu kuch ta’sirida hisobiy maydondagi kuchlanish o‘zgarishi Solidworks/simulation dasturidan
olingan natijalar yordamida tayyolandi.
Ushbu qiymatlar G‘ildirak obod qismini yo‘nish natijasida uning qalinligi kamayishi hisobiga oshib
borgan va eng yuqori qiymat G‘ildirak yuklangan hamda notekis prokat bo‘lgan holatida kuzatildi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1.
MDH davlatlari 1520 mm koleyali temir yo‘l vagonlarini loyihalash va hisoblash uchun norma
GosNIIV-VNIIZhT.- 1996.-С. 289-292.
2.
Yakushev A.V. Mathcad yordamida yuk vagonining konusli diskli G‘ildiragining xavfsizlik
koeffitsientini hisoblash natijalari Ilm-fan. - 2014. №5.- S.1-11.
3.
Qattiqlashtirilgan ishlov berishdan keyin G‘ildiraklardagi qoldiq kuchlanishlar I.A. Ivanov,
D.P. Kononov, S.V. Urushev, A.V. Yakushev // PGUPS materiallari. - 2016. - №3. S.337-343.
45
50
55
57
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1
2
3
4
5
G'ildirakga 142,8 kN kuch ta'sirida
g'ildirakning hisobiy zonasidagi kuchlanish
o'zgarishi
Series1
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
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JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
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Volume: 01 Issue:
ISSN: 2181
Teaching English to Children Secrets of
Teaching English to Preschool Children
Mirzayeva Shohsanam Dilmurotqizi
Farg'onaviloyatiBeshariqtumani 30-maktab
Ingliztilifanio'qituvchisi
Annotation:
This article highlights the psychological basis of teaching foreign
languages, in particular English, to preschoolers, which has become
a topical issue today.
Keywords:
mental processes, A.S. Makarenko, education,
technologies in education.
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Teaching English to Children Secrets of
o Preschool Children
Dilmurotqizi
maktab
This article highlights the psychological basis of teaching foreign
languages, in particular English, to preschoolers, which has become
mental processes, A.S. Makarenko, education,
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
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Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-2608
676
In the 21st century of information technology, the faster technology enters our lives, the more
consistently English, which is recognized as the language of the world and accepted as the working
language for many international organizations, is spreading around the world. At the initiative of the
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan ShavkatMiromonovichMirziyoyev, teaching foreign languages
has risen to the level of state policy. Special attention is paid to the teaching of foreign languages not
only in secondary education, secondary special vocational education or higher education, but also in
preschool education, and practical measures are taken in this regard. rilda. Extensive educational work
is being carried out from kindergarten age on the spiritual, physical and mental development of young
people who are the future of our country. After all, only a harmoniously developed generation can build
a brighter future for Uzbekistan.
Kindergarten is a very difficult and responsible time for a child's mental development.
The period from 3 to 7 years old is the period of kindergarten age. The upbringing of children of
kindergarten age is aimed at improving their movements, the formation of elementary hygiene, cultural
and labor skills, the formation of the first buds of social morality and aesthetic taste, and education is
the formation of their first knowledge, that is, correct. speech, the information told (fairy tales, events)
and the images in them, mathematical concepts (addition, subtraction), foreign languages, mainly
aimed at mastering basic oral speaking skills in Russian and English. In her opinion, "Impressions from
childhood are very important", N.K. Krupskaya showed how important the education received in
kindergarten is.
In this regard, the Russian pedagogue A.S. Makarenko said that the work done during kindergarten
makes up 90% of the entire educational process, and education leaves an indelible mark on the memory
of the child, which has just begun to take shape. Everything a child is taught will be remembered.
However, children of kindergarten age are not able to focus on anything for a long time. Therefore,
children should not be allowed to sit in one place for more than 20 minutes while teaching English. In
order to keep the child's attention for a long time on what is being taught, his interest and the ability of
the specialist to be interested are important. One of the most basic and leading activities for
kindergarten children is play. Therefore, learning foreign languages with children in the form of
action games and songs will be more effective. The main feature of kindergarten children's play is the
manifestation of all processes: attention, intuition and perception, memory, thinking and speech,
imagination, emotional will, character and abilities.
In the early stages of kindergarten, a child can distinguish almost all the sounds of his native language,
as well as passive speech and active speech. Large groups of children develop the ability to learn and
speak a language other than their mother tongue. Although the sounds in English are slightly more than
in Uzbek (29 letters 30 sounds in Uzbek; 26 letters 44 sounds in English), this is not a problem for the
child. When a child acquires Basic English speaking skills, he or she begins with words that he or she
knows and realizes in real life:
ǝǝɅʤʧʧӕӕ
Dada - dad [dæd] olma - apple [æpl] it - dog [dͻg]
Aya - mum [mɅm] choy - tea [ti:] mushuk - cat [kæt]
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Speech development plays an important role in the development of a child's memory. During this
period, the child will be able to perceive things and events not only through direct sighting, but also
through the names of these things and events. Experience in recent years has shown that even in
kindergarten, children's memory plays an important role in understanding and remembering the
meaning of things and words. Starting by memorizing the names of things they know, children
gradually learn colors and numbers. But the logical recollection of kindergarten-age children is evident
when they are given material that is fully understood. It is best to teach children as real things as
possible: fruits, clothes, toys, and often pictures. For example, when studying the names of animals, it
is impossible to show their real names or professional names. Kids remember a lot of things, mostly
during a variety of play activities. Asking children to imitate their sounds while learning animal names
is also a form of play. It is advisable to use a variety of meaningful games to practice children's
memory. Because kids pay more attention to what interests them. And the child's attention is always
drawn to the game. The educator should always monitor the child's ability to memorize and recall the
material, that is, repeat the learned words through play for 2-3 days.
At the age of kindergarten, a child`s speech improves not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively.
The child learns nouns, verbs, adjectives and rhymes from word groups. This, in turn, affects the child's
thinking. For example, show a 3-year-old a doll and a pencil and ask, "What is this?" When asked, the
child says, "It's a doll, it's a pencil," and the 5-year-old says, "It's a pencil, it's black and red, it's a
puppet, it's playing;" A 6-year-old responds, "He writes in pencil, he is tall, black and red," "He plays
with a doll, he has a head, arms and legs."
Also, a child who starts learning English by memorizing words will be able to compose simple
sentences before going to school.
What is your name? –Sizningismingiznima?
My name is Madina. “ MeningismimMadina”
What is your father’s job? Dadangizningkasbinima
My father is a doctor. Meningdadamshifokor.
What is it? –Buninima?
I have a rose. It is beautiful and red. – Mendaatirgul bor. U chiroylivaqizil.
It may be a little difficult for a kindergartener to learn another foreign language in addition to his or her
mother tongue, but it is from this point on that the love for knowledge serves as a solid foundation for
the child's scientific development. . Teaching English with a detailed study of child psychology gives
high results to both children and educators.
References:
1.
Alimov H., Azimova F. Answers to questions on child rearing (Recommendations to parents). - T .:
Science and Technology, 2013. -48p.
2.
Mary Rafferty. A brief review of approaches to oral language development. - USA: 2014. Edited by
R. Marlow-Fergudon World
3.
Muminova L.R. Preschool Literacy Program. - T., 1996
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Volume: 01 Issue:
ISSN: 2181
Texnologiya Darslarida O'quvchilarni
Robototexnikaga Qiziqtirish
Matisayeva Baxrinsa
Andijon viloyati xalq taʼlimi boshqarmasi
texnologiya fani oʻqituvchisi
Annotatsiya:
Mazkur maqolada ta'limda xususan twxnologiya darslarida
o'quvchilarni robototexnikaga qiziqtirish haqida fikr
bildirildi.
Kalit so’zlar:
robot, bozor, texnika, pult, lazer, texnologiya,
dasturlash, robototexnika, elektronika
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Texnologiya Darslarida O'quvchilarni
Robototexnikaga Qiziqtirish
ʼlimi boshqarmasi tasarrufidagi 9 SSMIning
Mazkur maqolada ta'limda xususan twxnologiya darslarida
o'quvchilarni robototexnikaga qiziqtirish haqida fikr-mulohazalar
robot, bozor, texnika, pult, lazer, texnologiya,
elektronika
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Bugun jahon mehnat bozorida texnologik yo‘nalishdagi muhandis-mutaxassilarga talab har
qachongidan ham ortgan.Texnika asri talablariga javob beradigan kadrlar avlodini shakllantirish uchun
yurtimizda keng ko‘lamli ishlar olib borilyapti. Nazariy bilimlarini amaliy boshqaruvga
yo‘naltiradi.O‘quvchilar bu darslarda individual yasash ishlarida ham, jamoa bo‘lib topshiriqlarni
bajarayotganida ham mexanikaning asoslarini tushunib yetadi va tahlil qilish qobiliyati rivojlanadi.
Bugungi kunda Ta'lim vazirligining dolzarb masalasi - ta'lim robototexnikasini maktab intizomlari
qatoriga kiritish. Bu rivojlanishning muhim sohasi hisoblanadi. Texnologiya darslarida bolalar
texnologiya va dizaynning zamonaviy rivojlanish sohasi haqida tasavvurga ega bo'lishlari kerak, bu
ularga o'zlari ixtiro qilish va qurish imkoniyatini beradi. Hamma talabalarning muhandis bo'lishlari
shart emas, lekin hamma imkoniyatga ega bo'lishi kerak.
Aslida texnikaga qiziqmagan bolaga ham akvariumning termoregulyatori, mashinani to‘xtatayotgan
tormoz, 3D printer, televizorni boshqaradigan pult, lazerli keskich, masofadan boshqariladigan
o‘yinchoq mashina va samolyotlar, o‘zi ochiladigan darvoza va eshik kabi moslamalarning
elektrotexnika natijalari ekanligini amaliy ko‘rsatib bersangiz, unda ixtirochilik qobiliyatlari
rivojla-nish bosqichiga o‘tadi. Sababi, insoniyatda yaratuvchilik instinktlari umri davomida faol
bo‘lishini olimlar isbotlagan.Rossiya maktab dasturiga kiritilgan robototexnika darslarida asosiy uchta
yo‘nalishda bilimlar beriladi: dasturlash, konstruksiyalash va mikroelektrotexnika. Ushbu
yo‘nalishlarda o‘quvchi yangi buyum yasar ekan, nafaqat uning intellektual bilimlari, balki zamonaviy
texnologiyalarning yangi avlodini yara-tishga ishtiyoqi va qo‘l mehnati orqali mo‘jizalar yaratish
mumkinligiga ishonchi ortadi. Bunda boshlang‘ich sinflarda sodda detallar va bolalar uchun qiziqarli
bo‘lgan mikrosxemalar yaratish o‘yin orqali o‘rgatilsa, yuqori sinflarda tizimlashgan tarzda yasalgan
elektrotexnika vositalarini dasturlash bosqichiga o‘tiladi. Yasalgan robotlar yoki boshqa elektrotexnika
vositalari o‘rtasida musobaqalar o‘tkazish esa o‘quvchilarni yanada izlanishga, yangilik yaratishga
undaydi. Modellashtirish, algoritmlarni boshqa-rish malakalari esa albatta quyi sinflardagi olingan
bilimlar asosida tizimlashtiriladi. Ayniqsa bu yo‘nalishga qobiliyati bor o‘quvchilar AKTning beqiyos
imkoniyatlarini o‘zi yaratayotgan sxemalarda qo‘llab ko‘radi va yangilik yaratishga bo‘lgan qiziqishi
ortadi. Darsliklardagi nazariy ma’lumotlarni ko‘z oldida jonlantiradi, ularni amaliyotga ko‘chiradi.
An’anaviy ma’ruzali dars o‘tish usulidan butunlay yiroq bo‘lgan – ko‘rgazmali va amaliy harakat bilan
o‘zining salohiyatini aniqlash o‘quv-chi uchun o‘zini ko‘rsatish va isbotlash imkonini beradi.
Aslida bolalar kichkinaligidan biror narsani buzib ko‘rishga, o‘sha buyum-ning ichida nima borligini
bi-lishga qiziqadi. Mayda detallarni yig‘ib yuradi. Ana shu qiziqishni maktabda shakllantirsak, ayni
muddao bo‘ladi. Robototexnika darslari amaliy faoliyatni taqozo etgani tufayli, maktab moddiy-texnik
bazasini shu yo‘nalishdagi asbob-uskunalar bilan jihozlash muammosi ko‘ndalang bo‘lishi tabiiy.
Chunki robototexnika uskunalari va jihozlarining kamyobligi va qimmatligi bor gap. Yasash va
yaratish jarayonlarini tashkil etish bo‘yicha metodik ma’lumotlar bazasi ham yara-tilishi zarur. Biroq
o‘quv markazlaridagi robototexnika mashg‘ulotlari ham yuqori texnologik jihozlanganligini
uchratmadik.Shunday ekan, o‘quvchiga robototexnika sirlarini o‘rganish imkoniyatini maktabda
yaratish davri kelganligini yana bir bor ta’kidlayman.Zamonaviy ta'lim o'z rivojlanishining yangi
bosqichiga qadam qo'ymoqda. Ko'pgina o'qituvchilar va ota -onalar bolalarni fanga qiziqtirish, bilim
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olishga bo'lgan muhabbatni uyg'otish va ularni g'ayrioddiy narsalarni yaratish va o'ylash istagini
uyg'otish imkoniyatini qidirmoqdalar. Materialni taqdim etishning an'anaviy shakllari anchadan buyon
o'z ahamiyatini yo'qotdi. Yangi avlod o'z ajdodlariga o'xshamaydi. Ular jonli, qiziqarli, interaktiv
usulda o'rganishni xohlashadi. Bu avlod zamonaviy texnologiyalarni osongina boshqarishi mumkin.
Bolalar shunday rivojlanishni xohlaydilarki, ular nafaqat tez rivojlanayotgan texnologiyalar bilan
hamnafas, balki bu jarayonda bevosita ishtirok etadilar.
Umuman olganda, bolalar uchun robototexnika darslari nihoyatda qiziq. Buni hamma uchun -
o'qituvchilar uchun ham, ota -onalar uchun ham tushunish muhimdir. Bunday darslar boshqa fanlarni
boshqa tomondan ko'rish, o'qishning ma'nosini tushunish imkoniyatini beradi. Yigitlarning ongini
harakatga keltiradigan narsa - bu nima uchun kerakligini tushunish, tushunish. Uning yo'qligi
o'qituvchilar va ota -onalarning barcha harakatlarini bekor qiladi.Muhim omil shundaki, robototexnika
o'rgatish stressli emas va bolalarni to'liq qiziqtira oladi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1.
Боголюбов А. Н. Математики. Механики. Биографический справочник. — Киев: Наукова
думка, 1983. — 639 с.
2.
Вукобратович М. Шагающие роботы и антропоморфные механизмы. — М.: Мир, 1976. —
541 с.
3.
Попов Е. П., Верещагин А. Ф., Зенкевич С. Л. Манипуляционные роботы: динамика и
алгоритмы. — М.: Наука, 1978. — 400 с.
4.
Медведев В. С., Лесков А. Г., Ющенко А. С. Системы управления манипуляционных
роботов. — М.: Наука, 1978. — 416 с.
5.
Охоцимский Д. Е., Голубев Ю. Ф. Механика и управление движением автоматического
шагающего аппарата. — М.: Наука, 1984. — 310 с.
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Ob’yektlarni Tanib Olishda Neyron
Tarmoqning O’rni
Toirov Boburbek Toiro’g’li
Muhammad al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent аxborot
texnologiyalari universiteti 2-bosqich magistranti
Jumaev TurdialiSamin jonovich
Oʼzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasi Zamonaviy axborot
kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari kafedrasi katta o
Toirov Otabek Toiro’g’li
Toshkent davlat transport universiteti “Materialshunoslik va
mashinasozlik” kafedrasi assissenti
Annotatsiya:
Televizion tasvirlardan ob’yektni ajratib olish uchun neyron
tarmoqdan foydalangan holda, matematik modellashtirish usullari
va texnologiyalari qo’llanildi.
Kalit so’zlar:
MegaFace, Python dasturi,
perseptron, televideniyasohasi.
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’yektlarni Tanib Olishda Neyron
Tarmoqning O’rni
Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent аxborot
bosqich magistranti
ʼzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasi Zamonaviy axborot-
kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari kafedrasi katta oʼqituvchisi, PhD
at transport universiteti “Materialshunoslik va
Televizion tasvirlardan ob’yektni ajratib olish uchun neyron
tarmoqdan foydalangan holda, matematik modellashtirish usullari
MegaFace, Python dasturi, biometriktizim,
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Hozirgi vaqtda insonni identifikatsiyalashning biometrik tizimlari tobora kengayib bormoqda.
An'anaviy identifikatsiya tizimlari parol, kalit, identifikatsiya kartasi va hotiradan chiqishi, yo'qolishi
yoki qalbakilashtirilishi mumkin bo'lgan boshqa identifikatsiya qiluvchi hujjatni bilishni talab qiladi.
Bundan farqli o'laroq, biometrik tizimlar insonning o'ziga xos biologik xususiyatlariga asoslanadi,
ularni qalbakilashtirish qiyin va ma'lum bir ob’yektni o'ziga xos tarzda aniqlaydi. Bu xususiyatlar
barmoq izlari, ko’z qorachig’lari va yuz qismining o’ziga hosligini o'z ichiga oladi. Har bir insonning
yuzi, ovozi va ko’zlari ham individualdir.
Insonni yuz tasviridan tanib olish biometrik tizimlar orasida alohida ajralib turadi. Birinchidan, buning
uchun maxsus qimmat uskunalar kerak emas. Ko'pgina ilovalar uchun shaxsiy kompyuter va oddiy
videokamera yetarli. Ikkinchidan, qurilmalar bilan odamning jismoniy aloqasi yo'q. Ko'pgina hollarda,
shunchaki yurish kifoya qiladi yoki kamera oldida bir necha soniya qolinsa shuning o’zi yetarli.
Neyron tarmoq o’zi nima?
Eng oddiy holatda, neyron tarmoq parallel hisoblashlarni amalga oshiradigan elementlarning bir necha
qatlamlaridan tashkil topgan matematik modeldir. Dastlab, bunday matematik model inson miyasining
eng kichik hisoblash elementlari - neyronlarga o'xshashlik yo'li bilan yaratilgan. Sun'iy neyron
tarmog'ining eng kichik hisoblash elementlari ham neyronlar deb ataladi. Neyron tarmoqlar odatda uch
yoki undan ortiq qatlamlardan iborat: kirish qatlami, yashirin qatlam (yoki qatlamlar) va chiqish
qatlami soni bilan hisoblanadi. Ushbu turdagi neyron tarmoqqa
perseptron
deyiladi. Neyron
tarmog'ining muhim xususiyati uning namuna bo'yicha o'rganish qobiliyatidir, bu nazorat ostida
o'rganish deb ataladi. Neyron tarmoq kirish-chiqish juftliklaridan iborat ko'p sonli misollar bo'yicha
o'qitiladi. Ob'ektni tanib olish muammolarida bunday juftlik kirish tasviri va mos keladigan juftlik -
ob'ektning nomi bo'ladi.
1-rasm. Neyron tarmoqlar matematik modeli.
Barcha tasvirlarni mukammal taniydigan optimal parametrlar to'plamini ko'pincha topib bo'lmaydi.
Lekin neyron tarmoqlaridan foydalanib obyektlarni maksimal darajada tanitish imkoniyatiga ega
bo’lamiz.
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Obyektni va yuzni tanib olishda neyron tarmoqlardan unumli foydalanish.
Tanib olishning yuqori aniqligiga erishish uchun neyron tarmoq tasvirlar-ning katta massivida,
masalan,
MegaFace
maʼlumotlar bazasida oldindan oʻqitiladi. Bu yuzni tanib olishning asosiy
oʻrgatish usuli hisoblanadi.
2-rasm. Neyron tarmoq ko’rinishi.
Phyton dasturi bazasiga obyektning foto surati kiritiladi, dastur ishga tushirilgandan so’ng kamerada
olinayotgan tasvirdan kerakli (so’ralayotgan) ob’ektni tanlab oladi. Aniqroq aytadigan bo’lsak, ko'p
qatlamli neyron tarmoq matematik modelni ketma-ket bog'langan qatlamlaridan iborat bo'lib, har bir
qatlamning neyroni uning kirishlari bilan oldingi barcha neyronlarga ulanadi va chiqishlari 2-rasmda
ko’rsatilgan natijani beradi. Har bir narsani yutuqlari bo’lgani kabi bu tizimning kamchiliklari ham
mavjud ya’ni, inson qobilyatidagi tanib olish funksiyasi kabi bu tizim 100% to’la qonli tanib olishni
amalga oshirolmaydi. Neyron tizimi 90% tanib olish imkonini beradi. 100% bo’lmasligini sababi:
tasvirga olinayorgan obyektning turgangan holati, kameragacha bo’lgan masofasi (fokus masofa),
tushayotgan yorug’likning tanib olish darajasiga yetmasligi, yon tarafdan olinayotganda yuzni tanib
olish darajasigacha burchaklarning kamligi va boshqalar.
Xulosa
Ideal ko’rinishni tanib olish yuzlarni faqat odamlarga mos keladigan aniqlikda taniydi. Bundan
tashqari, u umumiy bo‘lishi kerak, ya’ni u har xil populyatsiyalarni ozgina o‘zgartirishlar bilan
qo‘llasa ham tanib olishi kerak. Masalan: ozgina shram yoki bo‘lmasa yuzini burishtisa, soqol qo‘ygan
hollarda ham bu dastur ishlaydi. Neyron tizimining matematik modelining buyruqlari Phyton
dasturining OpenCV kutubxonasida amalga oshiriladi. Quyidagi rasmni natijamizning xulosa sifatida
ko’rish mumkin.
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3-rasm. OpenCV kutubxonasidan olingan natija.
Albatta, bu dasturni vaqtdan yutishga, shu bilan birga xatoliklarni kamaytirish uchun qo’llash
televidinya imkoniyatlarini ko’paytiradi. Bu o’z navbatida televidinyaning ishlash salohiyatini oshirib
beradi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar.
1.
Тoirov, B. Т., Jumaev, Т. S., & Toirov, O. T. (2021). OBYEKTLARNI TANIB OLISHDA
PYTHON DASTURIDAN FOYDALANISHNING AFZALLIKLARI.
Scientific progress
,
2
(7),
165-168.
2.
Yaniv Taigman, Ming Yang, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, Lior Wolf // DeepFace: Closing the Gap to
Human-Level Performance in Face Verification
3.
Ш.Х. Фозилов, Н.М. Мирзаев, А.А Бозоров, Т.С. Жумаев // Шахсни таниб олиш масаласида
қулоқ тасвирининг белгиларини ажратиш алгоритми.
4.
Viola–Jones // Object detection framework.
5.
5. M. Turk, A. Pentland. ”Eigenfaces for Recognition”. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Vol 3,
No. 1. 71-86, 1991.
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O’quvchi Yoshlarni Vatanparvarlik Ruhida
Tarbiyalashning Milliy, Tarixiy Asoslari
Umarova Muattar Ro’ziqulovna
Navoiy viloyati Navbahor tumani, 5 –
fani o’qituvchisi
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada umumta’lim maktablari tarix darslarida
o’quvchilarni vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalashning milliy tarixiy
asoslari xususida fikr yuritilgan.
Kalit so’zlar:
vatanparvarlik, “Avesto”, qadriyat, o’zbekxalqi
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Yoshlarni Vatanparvarlik Ruhida
Tarbiyalashning Milliy, Tarixiy Asoslari
– umumta’lim maktabi, Tarix
umumta’lim maktablari tarix darslarida
o’quvchilarni vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalashning milliy tarixiy
vatanparvarlik, “Avesto”, qadriyat, o’zbekxalqi.
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Vatanparvarlik yuksak e’tiqod, vatan va millat oldidagi mas’uliyat, yuksak burchni anglashdir.
Ajdodlardan avlodlarga o`tib kelayotgan “Vatanni sevmoq iymondandir”, – degan hadis zamirida ham
huddi shunday mazmun mujassam.Agar uzoq tariximizga nazar tashlaydigan bo`lsak, vatanga e’tiqod
tuyg`usi xalqimiz tomonidan qadimdan e’zozlanib kelinganining guvohi bo`lamiz. Ajdodlarimiz
orasidan yetishib chiqqan mashhur insonlarning xatti-harakatlari, vatan ravnaqi yo`lida chekkan
zahmatlarini, bizgacha yetib kelgan asarlari va tarixiy ma’lumotlar orqali bilib olishimiz mumkin.
Millatimizni dunyoga mashhur qilgan adabiy va ilmiy meroslar sirasiga «Avesto», Imom Al-
Buxoriyning «Al-jome’ as-sahih», Forobiyning «Fozil odamlar shahri», Beruniyning «Osor al-Baqiya»,
ibn Sinoning «Tib qonunlari», Yusuf Xos Hojibning «Qutadg`u bilig» asari, Mahmud Koshg`ariyning
«Devoni lug`atit turk», Amir Temurning “Temur to’zuklari”, Alisher Navoiyning «Hamsa», “Lisonut
tayr”, ”Mahbub-ul-qulub”, Boburning «Boburnoma», Ahmad Yassaviyning «Devoni hikmat» kabi
noyob asarlarini kiritish mumkin.
Sharq xalqlari orasida keng tarqalgan odob-o`gitlar, pand-nasixatnomalar, diniy-falsafiy kitoblarda
vatanga e’tiqod qilishga keng o`rin berilgan.Keyingi yillarda yurtimizda bo`layotgan o`zgarishlar
tufayli bu manbalarni o`rganishga va ta’lim-tarbiya jarayoniga tatbiq etishga e’tibor kuchaydi. Ayniqsa,
asrlarga tengdosh yozma bitiklar va xalq og`zaki ijodida, ya’ni afsonalar, ertaklar, rivoyatlar,
maqollarda yuksak insoniy tuyg`ular ulug`lanadi. Bu manbalarning yosh avlodni vatanga e’tiqod ruhida
tarbiyalashda ahamiyati nihoyatda kattadir.
O’quvchilarini vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalashni milliy tarixiy asoslarini o’rganib chiqar ekanmiz,
eng avvalo, «Avesto»ning asrlar davomida insonlarni poklik, ilm egallash, mehnatsevarlik, tabiatni
asrash kabi insonparvarlik g`oyalariga da’vat etib kelganligiga guvoh bo`lamiz. Bu bitikda vatanni
sevish, o`zlari yashab turgan zaminni asrab-avaylash, unga e’tiborli bo`lish, vatanga e’tiqod haqidagi
g`oyalar ham mavjudki, shubhasiz, bu g`oyalar o`smir yoshdagi o`quvchilarda vatanga e’tiqodni
shakllantirishda katta ahamiyatga ega. “Avesto”da ona zamin, oila, vatan tushunchalari muqaddas
sanalgan, shuningdek, ular zaminni sof saqlash uchun murdalarni yerga ko`mishni qattiq qoralaganlar.
Ular murdalarni maxsus mis idishlarda dafn qilishni yo`lga qo`yishgan.Shubhasiz, bu kabi qoidalarga
ajdodlarimiz rioya qilganlar, ona yerni muqaddas deb bilganlar va uni ifloslanishdan asraganlar.
«Avesto»da vatan deb o`zlari yashab turgan zamin, qabila, oila va chorva tushunilgan: “Bunday joy
Ashavon uy tiklagan makondir. O`sha uyda ro`zg`or tebratadi. Sigirlar galasi va uy bekasi, farzandlar
va suruvlar yashaydi bu uyda. Sigirlar galasi yaxshi parvarish qilinadi.Tevalar xo`raki farovon, yaxshi
itlarning rizqi serob, uy bekasi baxtiyor, farzandlar shodmon.Hamisha olov gurillab turadi. Tiriklikning
go`zal har bir hodisasi yaxshilikka qovushadi”.
Bundan ko`rinib turibdiki, bu yozma bitikda inson oila bo`lib yashashi, farzandlar tarbiyalab voyaga
yetkazishi, rizq va nasiba hisoblanmish sigir saqlashi, shu oilani qo`riqchisi itlarni parvarish qilish kabi
oila an’analarini davom ettirish g`oyalari ilgari suriladi. Demak, “Avesto”da oila muqaddas sanalgan,
oila esa vatan demakdir, vatandagina insonlar baxtiyor yashaydilar.
“Avesto”ning bugungi davrimiz uchun qadriyat hisoblanishining boisi ham undagi g`oyalarning
insonparvarligidadir, shu jumladan,o`smir yoshdagi o`quvchilarda vatanga e’tiqodni tarbiyalovchi
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manbalardan biri hamdir.
Darhaqiqat, dinning xalqimiz ma’naviyati, ruhiyatiga o`tkazayotgan ijobiy ta’siri nihoyatda kattadir,
chunki islom dini doimo barcha millat xalqlarini chin e’tiqod, ezgulik, axloqiy poklik va ma’naviy
yetuklikka da’vat etadi.
O`zbek xalqi tarixiga nazar tashlaydigan bo`lsak, ajdodlarimiz orasidan yetishib chiqqan haqiqiy
vatanga e’tiqodli insonlarning siymosini ko`ramiz. Masalan, To`maris va Shiroq, Muqanna, Spitamen,
Jaloliddin Manguberdi, Temur Malik, Behbudiy, Fitrat, Cho`lpon, Abdulla Qodiriy, ikkinchi jahon
urushi yillarida halok bo`lgan ko`plab yigitlarning nomlarini keltirish mumkin. Bugungi kunda
mustaqillik sharofati tufayli, ularning nomlarini g`urur va iftixor ila tilga olmoqdamiz, o`zbek xalqi
ozodligi yo`lida chekkan zahmatlarini yuksak qadrlamoqdamiz. Bugun biz qadriga eta boshlagan
vatanimizni ota-bobolarimiz, jahonga mashhur sarkardalar, ma’rifatparvar kishilar ko`z qorachig`iday
asrashgan, millat sha’ni va or-nomusi uchun jang qilishgan. Shuning uchun ularning unutilmas nomlari
tarixda qolib, og`izdan-og`izga o`tib, afsonaga aylangan bo`lsa ajab emas.
To`marisning yengilmas Kir II day qonxo`r podshoh ustidan g`alaba qozonishi o`z xalqi, vataniga
bo`lgan muhabbati, chin e’tiqodining natijasidir. Bu kabi voqealar ikki yarim ming yil oldin yo’z
bergan bo`lsa-da, yosh avlodni vatanga e’tiqod ruhida tarbiyalashda o`z qadrini yo`qotgan emas.
Millat taqdiri bilan yashash, vatanga e’tiqod, adolat, insoniylik tuyg`usi yuksak darajada shakllangan,
milliy g`urur va iftixorimizga aylangan buyuk bobokalonlarimizning o`gitlarida o`z aksini topdi. Buni
biz haqiqiy vatanga e’tiqodli yurtdoshlarimizdan biri Shayh Najmiddin Kubrofaoliyatida ko`rishimiz
mumkin.Shayh Najmiddin Kubro yoshlarning vatanga muhabbatini oshirish bilan birgalikda, bir-
birlariga mehr-oqibatli bo`lishga undadi. U haqiqiy vatanga e’tiqodli, el va xalqini ardoqlovchi, butun
Xorazm xalqini o`zining jigarbandlari qatorida ko`ruvchi inson edi. Shayh Najmiddin Kubro hayoti va
asos solgan “Kubroviya” tariqati orqali uning vatan, millat qadriyatlariga naqadar sodiq inson
ekanligiga guvoh bo`lamiz. Shayh o`z e’tiqodida mustaqkam turib, islom tariqatidagi «og`ir kunda
vatanni tashlab ketgan kishi iymonsizdir” degan aqidaga amal qildi.
O`z vatani ozodligi yo`lida qo`liga qilich olib, dushmanga qaqshatqich zarbalar keltira olgan
Xorazmning mard o`g`loni Jaloliddin Manguberdidir.Jaloliddin Manguberdining hayoti va vatanga
e’tiqod yo`lidagi faoliyatini chuqur tahlil asosida o`rganish o`smir yoshdagi o`quvchilarning vatanga
e’tiqod, ona-Vatanga cheksiz muhabbat, g`urur va iftixor, vatan va xalq tinchligi yo`lida jon fido etish,
insonparvarlik kabi qarashlarini tarkib toptirish va takomillashtirishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi.
Jaloliddin Manguberdi butun hayoti davomida o`z xalqi va vatanini sevdi, tarixi va madaniyatini
yuksak qadrladi, ona tabiat go`zalliklarini qalban his qildi, ardoqladi. Rivoyat qilishlaricha, Jaloliddin
hayqirib oqayotgan Jayhunga kesak otgan ukasining chakkasiga tarsaki qo`yib yuboradi, – suvga kesak
otmoq, tuproqqa tupurmoq gunohi azim, sen Xorazmni onang o`rnida ko`r! – deb xitob qiladi.
Bu rivoyat orqali Jaloliddin Manguberdining vatan, ona zaminga bo`lgan mehri, e’tiqodi yuksak
ekanligi ko`rinib turibdi. Jaloliddin bolaligiga xos yuqorida keltirilgan hulq-atvor, odob, ahloq
ko`rinishlari, go`zal fazilatlari hozirgi va kelgusi avlod uchun namuna sifatida xizmat qiladi. Uning bu
kabi fazilatlari; tanlagan yo`lidan qaytmasligi, ma’rifatparvarligi, vatanni qalban sevishi, islom dini,
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ustozlarini qadrlagani, mardligi, halolligini targ`ibot qilish, yosh avlod uchun har tomonlama namunali
inson ekanini ko`rsatish bugungi kunda o`qituvchilarning muhim vazifalaridan biridir.
Sulton Jaloliddin Manguberdi hayoti va xotirasi xalqimiz uchun buyuk qadriyat sanaladi. Uning ibratli
hayoti, millati va vataniga bo`lgan cheksiz muhabbati, mustahkam e’tiqodi har birimiz uchun namuna
va o`rnakdir. Jangovor salohiyati va lashkarboshilik mahoratini o`rganish, ularni kelgusi avlodga
targ`ib etish ta’lim-tarbiyaviy jihatdan muhim ahamiyatga ega. Uning vatan ozodligi yo`lida chekkan
zahmatlarini targ`ib va tashviq qilish yosh avlodni vatan, el-yurtga e’tiqod tomon etaklaydi.
O`zbekmillatinidunyogatanitganbobomiz Amir Temurdir. U nafaqat millatnidunyoga mashhurqildi,
vatanningsarhadlarinikengaytiribmarkazlashgan,cheksizhududgaegabo`lganmamlakatbarpoetib,ilmuma
’rifatnirivojlantirdi, ajoyibvago`zalbog`u rog`lar, tog`lardekyuksak minora, obidalarbarpoetdi.
O`zmillatiqadriyatlarini ulug`ladi, ularningqadrigaetdi. Millat taqdiri bilan yashash, vatanga e’tiqod,
adolat, insoniylik uning butun hayotiy faoliyatini tashkil etdi.Shu bois Amir Temur «Kuch adolatdadir»
degan hukmni chiqardi.Bu hikmat asrlar davomida xalqimiz uchun asosiy yo`riqnoma
bo`lib
kelmoqda. Amir Temur o`z vasiyatini ham millat va vatan qadr-qimmatini o`ylab bayon qilgan,
farzandlari, nabiralariga millat va vatan ravnaqi haqida qayg`urish, kambag`al, yo`qsillarning boshini
silashni vasiyat qildi, so`nggi daqiqalarida ham o`z xalqi va vatanining taqdirini o`yladi:
«O`g`illarim, millatning ulug` martabasini, saodatini saqlamoq uchun sizlarga qoldirayotgan vasiyat va
to’zuklarni yaxshi o`qing, aslo unutmang va tatbiq eting. Millatning dardlariga darmon bo`lmoq
vazifangizdir. Zaiflarni qo`ring, yo`qsillarni boylar zulmiga tashlamang. “Adolat va Ozodlik»
dasturingiz, rahbaringiz o`lsun. Men kibi o’zun saltanat surmak istasangiz, qilichingizni yaxshi o`ylab
chekingiz. Bir da’fa chekkandan so`ngrada uni ustalikla qo`llangiz. Orangizga nifoq tuhumlar
ekilmasligi uchun ko`p diqqat bo`ling. Ba’zi nodimlaringiz va dushmanlaringiz nifoq tuxumlari
sochmakka, bundan foydalanmakka chalishajakdurlar. Faqat vasiyatimda sizga idora shaklini, uning
ilkularini ko`rsatdim. Bularga sodiq qolsangiz toj boshingizdan tushmas”.
Amir Temur bu o`rinda millat deganda vatanni, unda yashaydigan elatlarni nazarda tutganedi.
Tarixiy tajribalar shuni ko`rsatadiki, buyukshaxslartarixinio’rganarekanmiz, ular o`z Vatanini
ulug`lagani,unio`zasarlaridamadhetganini,yurtiningozodligiuchunnenedushmanlarbilankurasholibborga
nihayajonbilano’qiymiz. Vatan azal-azaldan barcha musulmon xalqlariuchun muqaddas sajdagoh
hisoblangan. Shuning uchun ham vatanparvarlik tuyg`usini o`quvchilarda shakllantirish uchun buyuk
siymolar tarixini, ularga bosqichma-bosqich izchil tarzda o`rgatib borish muhim pedagogik ahamiyat
kasb etadi.
Foydalanilganadabiyotlar:
1.
Ibrohimov A., Sultonov H., Jo`rayev N. Vatan tuyg`usi.- T.: O`zbekiston, 1996.-
2.
Ma’naviyat yulduzlari: (Markaziy Osiyolik mashhur siymolar, allomalar, adiblar).- T.: A.Qodiriy
nomidagi xalq merosi, 1999.
3.
G`oziyev E. Psixologiya.- T.: O`qituvchi, 1996,
4.
Hasanboyeva O., Hasanboyev J., Hamidov H. Pedagogika tarixi. - T.: O`qituvchi, 1997.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
RESEARCH AND STABILITY (JARS)
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
RESEARCH AND STABILITY (JARS)
Volume: 01 Issue:
ISSN: 2181
Ways to Strengthen the Resource Base o
Commercial Banks
Nozimov Eldor Anvarovich
Samarkand institute economy and service, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
The article discusses the concept and basic principles of the
formation of the resource base of commercial banks, studies the
views of foreign and domestic scientists in this area. Special
attention is paid to the main reasons for the emergence of current
problems of the banking system in the field of resource formation,
an analysis of the resource base of banks is carried out, in
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