particular, the deposit base is considered and recommendations are
made to optimize both the banks' own funds (capital) and their
borrowed funds. The theoretical and practical significance of this
article is expressed by its contribution to the development and
further optimization of the resource base of domestic banks, while
the practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using
proposals and recommendations.
Key words:
bank, bank certificates, capital, liabilities, principles of
forming the resource base of banks,
loan.
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689
Ways to Strengthen the Resource Base of
Commercial Banks
Samarkand institute economy and service, Uzbekistan
The article discusses the concept and basic principles of the
formation of the resource base of commercial banks, studies the
reign and domestic scientists in this area. Special
attention is paid to the main reasons for the emergence of current
problems of the banking system in the field of resource formation,
an analysis of the resource base of banks is carried out, in
r, the deposit base is considered and recommendations are
made to optimize both the banks' own funds (capital) and their
borrowed funds. The theoretical and practical significance of this
article is expressed by its contribution to the development and
her optimization of the resource base of domestic banks, while
the practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using
bank, bank certificates, capital, liabilities, principles of
forming the resource base of banks, resource base, subordinated
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Introduction
In the conditions of the functioning of the market model of the economy, each business entity
independently searches for opportunities for the accumulation and concentration of resources. In the
banking system, the issues of forming a resource base are becoming especially acute due to the fact that
commercial banks are able to carry out their activities exclusively within the limits of available funds,
which directly affects the final result of the bank's activities - profit. The need for a sufficiently
diversified and well-formed resource base is also increasing in connection with the tightening control
over the activities of credit institutions by regulatory and supervisory authorities.
The exacerbation of the problems was also facilitated by the crisis in the context of the COVID-19
pandemic in the international financial market and in the economy as a whole, which led to lower
energy prices, devaluation of the soum, a small outflow of depositors' funds, lower interest rates, and,
as a consequence, a shortage of long-term and stable resources in the banking system. In addition,
during 2020, the state share in the banking system continued its peaceful existence. At the same time,
almost thirteen banks are in the process of denationalization [1]. Based on the foregoing, the main goal
is to identify the features of the formation of resources of commercial banks in modern conditions and
to optimize the resource policy of commercial banks [3].
Literature review
The main part of the attracted resources of commercial banks are deposits, i.e. funds deposited in the
bank by clients - individuals and legal entities and used by them in accordance with the account regime
and banking legislation. Until now, in the theory and practice of savings, there is no unambiguous
definition of the concepts of "deposit" and "deposit", as well as their types [4].
In her research, E.P.Zharkovskaya interprets the deposit as entries in bank books indicating the
presence of certain claims of clients to the bank, or clients' funds in banks in the form of deposits under
agreements and contracts. Thus, in banking practice, deposits include deposits and securities that serve
to attract customer funds to banks [7].
According to O.I.Lavrushin, a banking resource or the "resource base of banks" is the sum of its own
and borrowed resources at the disposal of the bank, which is used to conduct active operations. In
addition, the author focuses on the effective organization of the resource base of commercial banks,
focusing on equity capital and its optimal structure [10].
A.A.Omonov considers the resources of a commercial bank as "The resources of commercial banks are
the financial value formed by attracting free funds to the economy and the formation of private funds
(capital) on certain conditions" [11].
According to T.M.Karaliev, the resource base of commercial banks by types of resources should be
divided into own funds, equated funds and borrowed funds [2].
In connection with the above research, we have developed the following author's approach to the
resource base. The resource base of banks is the amount of their own funds and funds raised on certain
conditions [5].
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Research methodology
The methodological basis was the current regulatory documents governing banking, the theory of
liability management, in particular resources, as well as the application of a systematic approach. The
work used such general theoretical methods as modeling, analysis and synthesis, methods of grouping
and comparison, comparative-historical approach, system-structural approach.
Analysis and results
Commercial banks form their resource base on the following principles:
1.
Form their own capital to ensure economic independence and stability, the fulfillment of financial
obligations by the bank.
2.
Mobilize temporarily free funds and transform them into capital. That is, they attract funds from
individuals and legal entities, place them on their own behalf, on their own terms and at their own
risk, open and maintain bank accounts.
3.
They borrow funds by issuing and selling debt securities, receive funds in the form of a loan from
non-banking institutions and other commercial banks [8].
Strategically, this work is aimed at increasing confidence in the banking sector, stopping the masking
of poor asset quality by submitting inaccurate reporting, preventing unscrupulous owners from
transferring assets from credit institutions to other controlled organizations, and continuing to combat
the withdrawal of funds from the banking system through fly-by-night firms [6].
Based on a number of problems that commercial banks face in terms of the formation of their own
funds, it is advisable to highlight the main approaches to optimizing banks' capital:
1)
Increase in the authorized capital of the bank. Let's take a look at the table.
Table 1: Structure and dynamics of capital of commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan1
№
Capitalstructu
re
2015у.
2016у.
2017у.
2018у.
2019у.
2020у.
on
1.11.202
0
1
Sharecapital
68,9
64,6
69,8
61,7
82,1
77,5
2
Addedcapital
0,5
0,5
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,7
3
Reservecapital
15,3
16,3
8,7
11,0
7,5
8,2
4
Retainedearnin
gs
15,3
18,6
12,1
14,9
10,1
13,6
5 Net profit of the
current year
-
-
9,1
12,0
-
-
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
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As we can see from the table, the authorized capital of a commercial bank is the main part in the capital
structure. Unfortunately, 77.5% of the capital structure is occupied by the authorized capital and there
is practically no added capital, only 0.7%, and this is despite the growth over the past four years. There
are two ways here: for joint-stock banks, an effective tool for capital growth can be the issue of shares,
the expansion of the number of participants through their placement and the implementation of a
competent dividend policy. Unincorporated banks have the opportunity to increase capital by attracting
additional funds from investors, expanding the number of participants [9].
2) Purposeful formation of funds included in the bank's capital. In this case, the bank's own funds are
largely formed by means of special funds generated within the bank. This way of increasing capital
does not involve significant expenditures of both time and money and allows the bank to bypass some
complicated procedures for registering an increase in authorized capital [12].
3) Conducting a timely revaluation of fixed assets in accordance with applicable standards and using
generally accepted approaches and valuation methods. The need to revalue the bank's investments in
fixed assets is associated with a change in the value of assets during the entire service life from the
moment of acquisition to the moment of disposal.
4) Making a profit and optimizing its value. Profit will be facilitated by an increase in interest income
(for example, by improving lending instruments, by obtaining income from financial leases), reducing
commission expenses, expanding the range of income instruments, reducing operating expenses (for
example, reducing administrative and business expenses, rent expenses and others).
5) Obtaining targeted financial assistance
6) Obtaining subordinated loans
The use of such loans is tantamount to obtaining a long-term loan and does not entail a change in the
ownership structure. There are other advantages, for example, the payment of interest on subordinated
debt is carried out at the expense of an increase in the bank's gross expenses, and the interest rate on it
will not change during the term of the agreement [13].
As for the attracted funds, we note that in recent years, despite the crisis, liabilities were determined by
the growing volumes of deposits. More than a third of the resource base of domestic banks is currently
formed at the expense of deposits, and some credit institutions have 50-60% of liabilities from
household deposits. Over the past years, there has been a steady trend towards an increase in the
dependence of the banking sector on household deposits. In this regard, it is of particular relevance to
study the issues of improving the process of raising funds by commercial banks in terms of reducing
risks and increasing profitability.
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Table 2: Comparative analysis of deposits and liabilities of commercial banks of the Republic of
Uzbekistan2
№
Indicators
1.11.17
1.11.18
1.11.19
1.11.20
Relativeto
1.11.17
1
Liabilities
(billionsoums)
141698
178760
221696
287591
102,9%
2
Deposits
(billionsoums)
57885
69298
91009
105007
181,4%
3
Share of deposits in
total liabilities (%)
40,8
38,7
41,5
36,5
х
According to the table, the share of deposits in commercial banks of the republic in recent years has an
upward trend, in 2020 it increased by 81.4% compared to 2017 and amounted to 105,007 billion soums.
The main reason to assess the data as a positive situation is that not only the long-term and stable
resource base of our banks is increasing, but also the confidence of the population is growing from year
to year. But despite this, there are still a number of lamentations that prevent further increase in the
resources of commercial banks [14].
It should be noted that the composition and volume of banks' long-term resources are influenced not
only by the stability of the national currency, but also by a number of other factors. In particular, a high
or low level of public confidence in the banking system and monetary policy, an imbalance between
cash and non-cash payments in the purchase and sale of consumer goods, the bulk of consumer markets
is not provided by domestic production [15]. It should be noted that to strengthen public confidence in
the banking system, structural changes in the national economy and diversification of industries are
required. At the same time, the main attention should be paid to two issues: the first is to ensure at least
80-85% of the population's demand for consumer goods through domestic production, and the second
is to increase the country's exports to 55-60% of GDP.
Conclusions and proposals
As a result of our research to optimize the resource base of commercial banks, we have formed the
following conclusions and proposals.
1.
Diversification of deposits of legal entities and deposits of individuals by maturity. On the one
hand, preference is given here to long-term deposits and deposits, the task of ensuring the liquidity
of the bank's balance sheet is solved, on the other hand, an increase in demand deposits helps to
reduce interest costs and make a profit, since funds on current and current accounts are the cheapest
resource, they are paid on minimum percentage [16].
2.
Expansion of the bank's client base at the expense of corporate clients' funds as less risky and more
stable
3.
Raising funds in the interbank market. The share of interbank loans can amount to 15–20% of
liabilities with efficient management of borrowed funds.
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4.
Issue of certificates of deposit and savings. When issuing and placing bank certificates, it is
possible to: expand the circle of depositors due to a large number of possible financial
intermediaries in the distribution and circulation of certificates; early transfer the certificate to
another person in the secondary market without the risk of changing the volume of the bank's
resource, while the early withdrawal by the owner of the term deposit means a loss of income for
him, and for the bank - the loss of part of the resources; the bank independently determines the
conditions for the issuance and circulation of certificates, the process of their placement is simpler
than that of other obligations.
Thus, the improvement of the resource base of commercial banks will be facilitated by an integrated
approach to the management of both own funds andliabilities. Banks need to pay special attention to
ensuring the independence of their activities, building up capital from internal sources, mainly profit. In
addition, it is important to competently diversify the funds raised, use both price and non-price methods
of managing obligations, while maintaining the optimal level of risk, profitability and liquidity.
References:
1.
Указ Президента Республики Узбекистан №УП-5992 от 12 мая 2020 года «О стратегии
реформирования банковской системы Республики Узбекистан на 2020 — 2025 годы»
2.
Азизов У.Ў., Қоралиев Т.М. вабошқалар Банк ишиДарслик. Т.: “Iqtisod-Moliya” 2016 124 б..
3.
Белоглазова, Л. П. Банковское дело : учебник / Л. П. Белоглазова, Л. П. Кроливецк. – М. :
Финансы и статистика, 2009. – 141 с.
4.
Геворкян А. А. «Теоретические аспекты формирования ресурсной базы коммерческих
банков» // Финансовые исследования, №1 (42) 2014, С. 36–41
5.
Anvarovich N. E. Banks' loans to reduce the risk of leasing lines //Indonesian Journal of Innovation
Studies. – 2020. – Т. 9. – С. 1-4.
6.
GuillermoPérez-ElizundiaaJosé AlfredoDelgado-GuzmánaJesús F.Lampónb «Commercial banking
as a key factor for SMEs development in Mexico through factoring: A qualitative approach»
7.
Жарковская, Е. П. Банки и банковское дело : учебник / Е. П. Жарковская, Е. О. Арендс. –
СПб. : Омега-Л, 2011. – С. 45 – 63.
8.
Кондратова О. С. «Регулятивный капитал банка: сравнительный анализ соглашений Базель II
и Базель III» // Финансы и кредит. 2015. №22(646), С.13–17
9.
Anvarovich, N. E. (2020). Theoretical fundamentals of financial health of the
enterprise. Indonesian Journal of Innovation Studies, 9, 1-4.
10.
ЛаврушинО.И. Банковскаедело. 9-е изд., М.: КРОНУС, 2011г. с.201
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Volume: 01 Issue:
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Yaponiyada Liderlik Va Korporativ
Xoliqova Zarnigor
Jizzax davlat pedagogika instituti talabasi
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada Yaponiyadan o'rganishimiz mumkin bo'lgan
muhim g'oyalar to'plami tasvirlangan. Ular bizning ijroiya
qarorlarini qabul qilish sifatiga, korporativ rejalashtirishimizga,
ishchilar unumdorligiga va boshqaruv malakasini oshirishga keng
qamrovli ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin.
Kalit so’zlar:
Korporativ madaniyat, liderlik,
Uayitxill,
jamoaviy
raqobat,
individuallik.
Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2021
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oniyada Liderlik Va Korporativ Madaniyat
Jizzax davlat pedagogika instituti talabasi
Ushbu maqolada Yaponiyadan o'rganishimiz mumkin bo'lgan uchta
muhim g'oyalar to'plami tasvirlangan. Ular bizning ijroiya
qarorlarini qabul qilish sifatiga, korporativ rejalashtirishimizga,
ishchilar unumdorligiga va boshqaruv malakasini oshirishga keng
orporativ madaniyat, liderlik, yapon usuli,
adekvat,
kommunikatsiya,
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Qo'shma Shtatlar va Evropadagi ishbilarmonlar Yaponiya sanoatini muhim yetkazib beruvchi, mijoz va
raqobatchi sifatida bilishadi. Lekin ular buni o'qituvchi sifatida ham bilishlari kerak.Sababi Yaponiya
o
zining shaxsiy modelini yaratish orqali na
muna bo
la oladigan yuksalish cho
qqisiga erishdi.
Keling, Yaponiya tajribasini ko'rib chiqaylik.Yaponiya tarixida, shuningdek, bugungi kunda yapon
boshqaruvining xatti-harakatlarida ajralib turadigan narsa 180 graduslik burilishlar qilish qobiliyatidir,
ya'ni radikal va juda ziddiyatli qarorlarga kelish qobiliyatidir.
1
Men tasvirlab beraman:
XVI asrdagi Yaponiyadan ko'ra nasroniylikni qabul qiladigan hech bir davlat yo'q edi. Darhaqiqat,
portugaliyalik missionerlarning Yaponiya Yevropadan tashqaridagi birinchi nasroniy davlati bo'lishiga
umid qilishlari shunchaki orzu emas edi. Shunga qaramay, xuddi shu Yaponiya XVII asrning
boshlarida 180 graduslik burilish yasadi. Bir necha yil ichida u nasroniylikni butunlay bo'g'ib qo'ydi va
o'zini barcha begona ta'sirlardan, albatta, tashqi dunyo bilan har qanday aloqadan o'chirib qo'ydi va 250
yil davomida shunday qoldi. Keyin, 1867 yildagi Meydzi restavratsiyasida Yaponiya yana 180
graduslik burilishni amalga oshirdi va o'zini G'arbga ochdi - boshqa hech qanday Yevropa davlati qila
olmagan. Toyo Rayon, sun'iy tolalarning eng yirik ishlab chiqaruvchisi, 1950-yillarning o'rtalarida
faqat rayon ishlab chiqargan. Keyin sintetik tolalarga o'tishga qaror qildi. Ammo shunga o'xshash
vaziyatda bo'lgan har bir G'arb kompaniyasi qilganidek, tuman ishlab chiqarishni "bosqichma-bosqich"
to'xtatmadi. Buning o'rniga u o'zining tuman tegirmonlarini bir kechada yopib qo'ydi, garchi Yaponiya
ish bilan ta'minlash tizimiga ko'ra, 1 xodimni ishdan bo
shatolmasada. Bu kabi qarorlarni qabul qilish
va har bir qaror muhokamasini har bir bog
inda bo
lishi menejmentda aynan Yapon modelining bir
ko
rinishidir deb qarash mumkin. Endi aynan xodimlarni boshqarish bo
yicha liderlik salohiyatini
ko
rib chiqadigan bo
lsak, Xodimlarni boshqarish bo'yicha AQSh-Amerika kontseptsiyalari universal
kuchga ega. Aslida, bu tushunchalar bir necha o'n yillar davomida butun dunyo bo'ylab mahalliy
madaniyatlarni hisobga olmagan holda qo'llanilgan. Yaponiya ham bundan mustasno emas. Aksariyat
yapon tashkilotlari, shuningdek, Maqsadlar bo'yicha boshqarish kabi modellardan foydalanadilar.
Shunga qaramay, yaponlar g'arb dunyosidagi odamlarga qaraganda juda boshqacha kutish va xatti-
harakatlarga ega. Ayrim Yevropa yetakchilari yapon xalqi bilan adekvat yetakchilik va muloqot qanday
bo
lishi kerak, deb hayron bo
lishi mumkin. Yapon madaniyati bunga javob beradi. Yaponiyaliklar
aynan sabrliligi va o
z ishiga fidoiyligi, jaomaviy rivojlanishnigina rivojlanish deb hisoblashlar
ularning noyob xatti-harakatlarini belgilaydi.
Bundan tashqari, yaponlar xorijdan g'oyalarni mohirlik bilan olib, ularni o'z sharoitlariga moslashtira
olishlarini shu dastlabki davrdayoq ko'rsatdilar. Masalan, ular buddizmning yapon shakli sifatida
Mahayana buddizmini ishlab chiqdilar.
G'arb mamlakatlarida ham, Yaponiyada ham menejerlar tashkilotlar uchun inson resurslarini
boshqarish muhimligini ta'kidlaydilar. Biroq, bu ikki madaniyat o'rtasida katta farq bor: yaponlar bu
tamoyilni juda chuqur qo'llashadi. Mitsubishi korporatsiyasi (MC) Direktorlar kengashi vitse-prezidenti
Keizaburo Yamadaning nutqida ko'pchilik misollar keltirish mumkin:
1
Teslenko I. Menejment tarixi.
T., 2020.
B. 9-10.
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MC 10 000 nafar xodimdan iborat kompaniya bo
lib, umumiy taqdirga ega. Rahbariyat oddiy
xodimlarning fikrlarini tushunishga intilishi kerak va aksincha. Xodimlar yapon kompaniyasining
asosiy fondlarining bir qismi ekanligini hisobga olsak, ularning farovonligiga katta e'tibor berilishini
tushunish mumkin .
"Yaponiya kompaniyalari ishchilari bir guruhning a'zolari bo'lib, ular alohida xodimlarga emas, balki
guruhlarga tegishli" (Coulmas, 2014, 3133-modda).
2
Uaytxill xuddi shu tamoyilni M.Y.dan iqtibos
bilan ifodalaydi. Yoshino, professor va Garvard biznes maktabining tadqiqot direktori:
Tashkilotdagi
asosiy birlik - bu individual emas, jamoa. Deb ta
kidlaydi. Amerika va yapon menejmenti o'rtasidagi
asosiy farqlardan biri aynan shundadir.
Xodimlarni yollash borasida G
arb bilan tub farq bor. Yaponiya kompaniyalari kompaniya ichidagi
ma'lum bir lavozimga nomzodlarni ishga olmaydilar va xodimlar, ehtimol, butun umri davomida
kompaniyaga qo'shilishadi. Bunday kelishuv, shubhasiz, ish beruvchi va xodim o'rtasidagi mutlaqo
boshqacha munosabatlarni nazarda tutadi, masalan, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bilan solishtirganda, bu
yerda ishchilar har doim bir-birini almashtiradigan resurslar sifatida qaraladi.
3
Funktsiyalar individual darajada noaniq tasvirlangan, chunki individual xodimlar jamoaga
tayinlanganligi sababli topshiriqlarni olmaydilar. Jamoa darajasida o'zaro ta'sirlar ravon bo'ladi,
shuning uchun jamoalar o'rtasidagi hamkorlik "o'z maydoningizni qo'riqlash" o'rniga rag'batlantiriladi.
4
Yaponiya xodimlari yangi ish egallashi uchun bir qancha sinovli bosqichlarni bosib o
tishadi va biroz
muddat kam maosh evaziga ishashlari ham mumkin lekin bu qiyinchiliklar vaqtinchalik ish uchun
emas. Xodimlar o
z vazifalarini bajarishga sidqidildan kirishadilar va agar ularning ish vaqti soat 09
:00 boshlanadigan bo
lsa hattoki ishga 08:30 da borish ham kechikish hisoblanadi. Yaponiyalik
xodimlarning bo
sh vaqtlari ham aynan ish bilan bog
liq holda jamoaviy muzokaralar tashkil etish
orqali o
tadi. Biz kasbiy fidoiylik deb qaraydigan bu kabi xatti harakatlar bugungi kunda
Yaponiyaning barcha ishchi xodimlari uchun doimiy an
anaga aylanib ulgurgan. Yaponiyaning
bugungi kunda yukalish cho
qqisiga erishishida rivojlanish aynan ichki muhitdan, rivojlanish aynan
shaffoflikdan, rivojlanish aynan demokratik va jamoaviylikdan boshlanishini va bugungi kun
korxonalarining maqsadi bo
lmish - kamroq resurs sarflab, ko
proq foyda olish, ish o
rnini yaratish,
ishlab chiqarish hajmini kengaytirish va ushbu maqsadni amalga oshirish uchun faoliyatni samarali
tashkil etish zarurligi, hamda ushbu faoliyatga ta
sir etuvchi omillardan biri bu ommalashib
borayotgan korporativ madaniyat ahamiyatliligini ko
rsatib bera oldi.
Korporativ madaniyat korxonaning shaffof, adolatli, o
z vaqtida va hal qiluvchi qarorlar qabul
qilinilishiga yo
naltiruvchi yo
l hisoblanadi. Yaponiya menejment tizimi butun dunyoda eng samarali
2
Noureddine Y. Leadership and management in Japan. 2017 y.
P. 2-3.
3
http/hbr.org/1971/03/what- we- can- learn-from-japanese-management
4
Toshiyuki S, Yoshinori H. Corporate governance code revisions set to drive Japan
s ESG and sustainability
push. 2021 y.
P. 332.
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deb tan olingan va uning muvaffaqiyatining asosiy sababi odamlar bilan ishlash qobiliyatidir. Biz
bilamizki, yaponiya tabiiy zaxiralari bo
yicha qashshoq mamlakat bo
lsada, bugungi kunda texnika
va texnologiyalari bilan Jahon bozorlarini egallamoqda. Yaponiya dunyoda birinchi bo
lib zamonaviy
menejmentni rivojlantirdi va o
zi uchun maxsus
bizning boyligimiz inson resurslari
tamoyilini
ishlab chiqdi.ushbu tamoylga muvofiq resurslardan samarali foydalanish sharoitlarini yaratdi.
5
So
nggi yillarda dunyoda deyarli barcha mamlakatlar yapon menejmentiga qiziqish bilan
qarashmoqda. Chunki ushbu mamlakatning jadal muvaffaqiyatli rivojlanishi dunyoda yetakchi o
rinni
egallashiga imkon yaratdi. Yaponiya dunyodagi eng raqobatbardosh mamlakat sifatida tan olingan:
savodxonlik, ijtimoiy, siyosiy hayot sifatini ta
minlashda yetakchi o
rinni egallaydi.
Xo
sh bugungi kunda yaponiyaning yetakchilik siri nimada?
Bunga korporativ madaniyatning ta
siri qanday?
Yaponiyaning rivojlanish bosqichiga nazar soladigan bo
lsak, qisman mahalliy urf odatlar ta
siri,
qisman Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keying Amerika bilan bo
lgan mojorolar va vayronagarchilikka
qarshi kurash zarurligiga reaksiya sifatida rivojlandi. Ko
pchilikning fikriga ko
ra Yaponiya hali ham
an
analar mamlakati va qisman shunday ham. Chunki Yaponiya faoliyatining deyarli barcha
sohalarida o
zining milliy an
analari yetakchilik qiladi. Yaponiyada har qanday xodim tashkilotning
kelajakdagi rejalari belgilangan maqsadlar, rivojlanish grafigi va rivojlanish bosqichlarini aks ettiradi.
Ushbu yondashuv har bir korporatsiyada axborot shaffofligi va jamoadagi uyg
un munosabatlarni
belgilaydi. Korporativ aloqalarni mustaxkamlaydi. G
arbiy mamlakatlarda ham, Yaponiyada ham
menejerlar tashkilotlar uchun inson resurslarini boshqarish muhimligini ta
kidlashadi. Biroq, bu ikki
mintaqa madaniyati o
rtasida katta farq bor. Yaponlar ushbu printsipga juda puxta kirishadilar.
.
Yaponiyaliklar shaxsiy raqobatdan ko
ra jamoaviy raqobatni ustun ko
rishadi.
Raqobat qilishning
yapon usuli
bu
jamoaviy ishdir
deb ta
kidlashadi.
6
Shuningdek, Yaponiyaning yetakchilik
sirlaridan biri
kommunikatsiya
ning o
ziga xos shakllaridan unumli foydalanishidir. Yaponiyaliklar
umrbod ishlash va xodimlarni bir umr band qilinishi va qamrab olinishini afzal ko
radilar va qo
llab
quvvatlaydilar. Yaponlar xitoyliklar kabi, lekin G
arbiy Yevropaliklar va Amerikaliklardan farqli
o
laroq, o
z uchrashuvlarida sukut saqlashga jiddiy e
tibor berishadi. Jimjitlik dam olish uchun
ishlatilmaydi, aksincha, shaxsiy fikrlash uchun ishlatiladi. Yaponiya korporativ madaniyatining o
ziga
xos jihatlaridan biri qaror qabul qilishning jamoaviyligi va barcha xodimlari uchun tushunarli va
aniqligidadir.
Yaponiya bugungi dunyodagi yetakchilik o
rniga chiqishi uchun, avvalo, G
arbiy Yevropa va AQSH
korporativ madaniyatini sinchiklab o
rgandi va uni o
z milliyligi bilan uyg
unlashtirib, o
zining
shaxsiy korporativ madaniyatini yaratdi.
Ushbu madaniyat qator afzalliklari bilan o
z cho
qqisiga erishdi. G
arbiy Yevropa va AQSH da bir
5
Sharifxo
jayev M., Abdullayev G
A. Menejment asoslari. –T., 2000.
B. 237.
6
Michiko M. lidership in ITC Project management in Japan. 2015.
P. 234- 245.
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muncha eskirgan tushunchalar :
sodiqlik, an
anaviylik, mehnatsevarlik, intizom, hokimiyatga sadoqat,
o
zini tuta bilish, burch hissi, xushmuomalalik
Yaponiya korporativ madaniyatining asosini tashkil
etadi.
Yaponiyaliklar har doim ta
kidlab o
tadigan fikri
faqat bitta boylik bor bu
odamlar
.
Shu
o
rinda, Akio Morito o
zining
Yaponiyada ishlab chiqarilgan
kitobida shunday deydi:
Yaponiyaning yetakchilik siri hech qanday nazariya yoki yashirin retseptlarda emas, dastur yoki davlat
siyosati korxonaning muvaffaqqiyatli qila olmaydi, buni faqat odamlar qila oladi
.
7
Yaponiya aholisining juda ko
p qismini yaponlar tashkil qiladi. Shu munosabat bilan korxonalarining
deyarli barcha xodimlari yaponlardir. Yaponiya liderlarining eng muhim vazifasi
bu xodimlar bilan
normal munosabatlarni o
rnatish, ishchilar va boshqaruvchilarning taqdiri bitta ekanligi tog
risida
tushuncha yaratish. Tabiiyki, komponiyaning madaniyati va urf
odatlari bitta millat ruhi ostida
bo
lishi boshqaruv faoliyatini ancha osonlashtiradi.
Yuqoridagi fikrlardan kelib chiqib, korporativ madaniyat - ko
chirish yoki qarzga olinib
shakllanadigan madaniyat emasligi, u kompaniya yoki firmaning asosiy qadriyatlarini o
z ichiga oladi.
Shuningdek, tashkiliy xatti-harakatlarni bir tuproqdan boshqa tuproqqa ko
chirish, odatda,
muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchrashini ko
rish mumkin.
7
Akio M. Yaponiyada ishlab chiqarilgan.
T., 1998.
B. 134-145.
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Word Teaching for all Levels o
ZAKIROVA SHIRIN IRGASHEVNA
Lecturer at the Department of Applied English
Technical University,Uzbekistan
Annotation:
One of the peculiarities of the psychological stage of the middle
stage is the age characteristics of students. For students of this age,
the desire to behave like an adult is strong. These are no longer
young children, they feel it themselves. They want to be
adults in their relationships with adults. Children of this age often
overestimate their strengths. In their activities, behavior: to behave
like adults, to strive to be independent in solving some problems.
At the same age, children develop their interest in the profession
and differential attitude to the subjects studied at secondary school.
Keywords:
Primary education, lecture, knowledge, skills, abilities,
theoretical basis, different opinion, question, learners.
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Word Teaching for all Levels of Education
ZAKIROVA SHIRIN IRGASHEVNA
Lecturer at the Department of Applied English Tashkent State
of the peculiarities of the psychological stage of the middle
stage is the age characteristics of students. For students of this age,
the desire to behave like an adult is strong. These are no longer
young children, they feel it themselves. They want to be treated like
adults in their relationships with adults. Children of this age often
overestimate their strengths. In their activities, behavior: to behave
like adults, to strive to be independent in solving some problems.
their interest in the profession
and differential attitude to the subjects studied at secondary school.
Primary education, lecture, knowledge, skills, abilities,
theoretical basis, different opinion, question, learners.
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Students of this age, on the one hand, tend to realize their desires Faster, on the other hand, their
interest in improving their knowledge decreases. According to psychologists, such forms of thinking as
logical sequence, critical thinking, Independence are developing. ).
Language material is studied mainly in oral speech.
That is, by creating an active minimum. The notion of a passive minimum.At this stage, the skills and
competencies developed in the first stage students are developed enriched with a new individual
speaking experience. At this stage of teaching, students' speech should be meaningful, informative,
grammatically and lexically correct, and have a motivation to communicate.
At this stage, the role and place of teaching will change.
Reading is not only a practical goal, but also an independent form of communication, plays an
important role as a means of obtaining 134 Information from written texts. In grades VI-VII, some of
the psychological features we have discussed above allow students to develop the skills of independent
work. The most important form of independent work is home, individual or additional study. It can also
take the form of working in a language room, or working with a programmed textbook, completing
some of the teacher's tasks (for example, preparing a report, preparing a message), and so on.
There will also be changes in the use of different teaching methods and techniques in the middle stage.
For example, the initial stage involves a variety of action games, puzzles, and action packed speech.
At the intermediate stage, the main focus should be on the use of methods and techniques that help to
increase thinking, speech activity, initiative in reading and understanding larger texts. At this stage, the
exercises should be performed first without explaining the purpose, not with imitation with the chorus,
but after explaining the purpose of the exercise. Another characteristic of middle school students is a
decrease in their interest in oral speech. They should always be interested in verbal communication.
One of the reasons they do not take the initiative to speak in a foreign language is the primitiveness of
their oral speech in a foreign language in these classes. There is no change in class hours. However,
there are changes and differences in the size and nature of the language material.
The main requirements for the course at the intermediate level:
Vision or organization of teaching on the basis of oral Speech.Another peculiarity of this stage is that
the teaching of a foreign language is final. Reading is more communicative. At this stage, the text is not
only a source of information, but also a communicative stimulus that encourages speech.
In order to study the material in depth, to understand them, it is allowed to study some language units
even in isolation. At this stage, it is advisable to divide the Language material into groups on a thematic
basis in the study of oral speech, and in reading (Reading) to organize the learning process on the basis
of related texts.
It is necessary to make effective use of the positive interaction of the forms of speech activity. It is
known that in the requirements of stages 1-4, a sound-letter relationship is formed. Students will have a
certain level of listening, comprehension, listening, writing, reading aloud and silent reading skills.
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Therefore, it is necessary to try to make effective use of the types of speech activities at this stage. For
example: the effect of oral speech on reading (without translation), the effect of reading on speaking,
the effect of writing on speaking, etc.
Such reading serves as a basis for the development of writing and speaking. There is an increase in
consciousness in the study of language material. For example, in Stage 1, there is a strong desire to
imitate, while in Stage 2, students have a conscious attitude towards learning. Therefore, the
methodological requirements for the organization of the lesson should be strict. To do this, it must be
interesting and suitable for children's opportunities (opportunities for language learning). The
organization of the study of language material should be based on a conscious, independent, which
corresponds to the age characteristics of students.
REFERENCES
1.
Jalolov J. Methods of teaching English. Tashkent, "Teacher" 2007
2.
Ruzimurodov O.N. Haydarov T. Technologies and principles of distance learning. - T.: Istiqlol.
2006.
3.
Safarov A. Bahramov K. Non-traditional lessons and interactive methods of teaching. - Bukhara.
2004.
4.
Rogova G.V. Methodology for teaching English at the primary stage in secondary school.
Enlightenment 1988
5.
Shatilov S.F. Methodology for teaching German in secondary school. Enlightenment 1977 6.
www.Ziyonet.uz.
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Маданият Ва Тил Уй
Таъминлашнинг Чет Тилларини
Ўргатишдаги А
Ақида ДЎСТОВА
Тошкент вилояти Паркент туманидаги 2
мактаби инглиз тили ўқитувчиси
Аннотация:
Мазкур мақолада тил ва маданиятнинг бир
чамбарчас
боғлиқлиги,
уларнинг
муштараклигини
таъминлашнинг тил ўрганишдаги а
Калит сўзлар:
маданият, чет тиллари, коммуникация, восита,
ўргатиш, тараққиёт, билим.
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Маданият Ва Тил Уйғунлигини
Таъминлашнинг Чет Тилларини
Ўргатишдаги Аҳамияти
Тошкент вилояти Паркент туманидаги 2-сон касб-ҳунар
олада тил ва маданиятнинг бир-бири билан
лиги,
уларнинг
муштараклигини
ҳамияти ҳақида сўз боради.
маданият, чет тиллари, коммуникация, восита,
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Шиддат билан ривожланаётган бугунги даврда инсон ҳамма нарсага улгуришга, янгиликлардан
хабардор бўлишга, хориж тилларни ўрганишга, бир сўз билан айтганда, замон билан ҳамнафас
яшашга интилмоқда. Сўнгги пайтда юртимизда чет тилларини ўрганишга бўлган қизиқишнинг
ортиши бу сўзимизни исботлашга асос бўла олади.
«Тил - маданият кўзгуси у нафақат реал дунёни акс эттиради, балки инсонни ўраб турган унинг
ҳаётининг реал шароитларинигина эмас балки халқнинг ижтимоий онги, унинг менталитети,
миллий характери, турмуш тарзи , урф –одатлари , одоб ахлоқи, қадриятлар тизими,
дунёқарашини ҳам ифодалайди»[1]. Тил ва маданиятни бир-биридан ажратиб бўлмайди, миллат
тили халқнинг маданияти, миллий ўзига хосликларини намоён этади, ифодалайди. Ахир, миллат
маданияти ва тили бир вақтнинг ўзида шаклланади. Замон ўтиши билан тил ҳам ўзгариб боради.
Маданиятда янги қадриятлар,тилда янги иборалар, янги сўзлар, жамиятда эса янги
технологиялар пайдо бўлади. Тил маданият билан чамбарчас боғлиқ бўлгани учун маданий
қадриятлар тил орқали намоён бўлади ва тил орқали амалга оширилади. Бундан кўриниб
турибдики, янги тилни ўрганиш янги маданиятни ўрганишни ўз ичига олади. Шунинг учун ҳам
тил ўргатувчи ўқитувчилар ҳам маданият ўқитувчилари ҳисобланадилар. Тилнинг маданият
билан боғлиқлиги, тил ўрганиш ва тил ўргатиш сиёсатига жуда катта таъсир кўрсатади. Тил
ўқитувчилари ўз ўқувчиларига тилдан фойдаланишнинг маданий келиб чиқиши ҳақида
кўрсатмалар бериши, маданий жиҳатдан мос келадиган ўқитиш услубларини танлаши ва
ўрганилаётган тилни тушуниш кўникмасини ривожлантириш учун маданиятга асосланган тил
фарқларини ўрганиши керак.
Тил ва маданият ўртасидаги муносабатлар доимо динамикдир. Биринчидан, тил маданиятнинг
муҳим қисми. Бу маданият эътиқод, қадриятлар ва меъёрларни узатадиган асосий воситадир.
Иккинчидан, тилга маданият таъсир қилади. Тил маданиятнинг энг муҳим қисмларидан бири
бўлгани учун ҳам воситага айланади. Тил бўлмаса, маданият бўлмаганидек, маданият бўлмаса
тил ҳам манбасиз сувга, илдизсиз дарахтга ўхшаб қолади. Одамлар бир жойга тўпланганда ёки
мулоқот қилганда нима қилиши мумкин, албатта, ўзаро фикр алмашади, бундан асосий ифода
тил орқали амалга оширилади.
Муайян маданий тизимда у ёки бу тарзда ҳар бир нутқий ҳаракат маданият таъсирида бўлади.
Шунинг учун ҳам тил ва маданият ўртасидаги муносбатлар чуқур илдиз отган. Тил маданият ва
маданий алоқаларни сақлаш ва етказиш учун ишлатилади. Турли хил ғоялар ўз маданиятида
турли тиллардан фойдаланишдан келиб чиқади ва бу муносабатларнинг боғлиқлиги инсон
туғулишидан бошланади.
Америкалик (миллати авғон ) ёзувчи ва шифокор Холид Ҳусайин шундай деган экан «Агар
маданият уй бўлса, унинг барча кириш эшикларининг калити бу – тилдир». Тил ҳар қандай
маданиятнинг энг муҳим қисмларидан бири ҳисобланади. Яни одамлар бир-бири билан мулоқот
қилиш, муносабатлар ўрнатиш ва жамоа яратишда тилдан фойдаланишади.
Бугунги кунда дунёда 6500 га яқин сўзлашув тиллари мавжуд бўлиб, уларнинг ҳар бири ўзига
хослиги билан ажралиб туради. Мулоқот ҳар қандай жамиятнинг асосий таркибий қисми ва тил
бунинг муҳим жиҳати ҳисобланади.
Бу ҳақда фикр билдирар экан россиялик тилшунос Г.О.Винокур «тилни ўрганаётган ҳар қандай
тилшунос, албатта, танлаган тили унинг маҳсулоти бўлган ўша маданиятнинг тадқиқотчисига
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айланади»[2], деган фикрни билдиради. И.Гердер эса «Инсон фаолиятидаги тўрт асосий ҳодиса:
тил, маданият, жамият ва миллий руҳ бир-бири билан боғланганини таъкидлайди. У сўзини
давом этиррар экан тил маданият билан бевосита боғлиқлиги боис жамият билан бирга
ривожланишини, тилнинг маданият билан органик боғлиқлиги уни миллий руҳнинг муҳим
таркибий қисмига айлантиришини эътироф этади.
Сепирнинг фикрича, маданият сақланиб қолишининг асосий шаклларидан бири мақоллар,
диний калималар, халқ ривоятлари, насл-насаб шажараси ҳисобланади. Тилдаги тавофутлар
маданиятдаги фарқли тавофутларни кўрсатади[3].
Э.Сепир ва Б.Уорфнинг гипотезасида шунингдек, тил унда сўзлашувчи халқнинг тафаккур
усули ҳамда оламни билиш усули субъектларнинг қандай тилларда фикрлашига боғлиқлигига
эътибор қаратилади[4].
Бир гуруҳ ўзбекистонлик тадқиқотчилар эса тил маданиятнинг таркибий қисми ва унинг
воситасидир. У руҳимизнинг борлиғи, маданиятимизнинг кўринишидир; у миллий
менталликнинг ўзига хос хусусиятларини ифодалайди[5], деб ҳисоблашади.
Юқоридагилардан келиб чиқиб, шуни таъкидлашимиз мумкинки, ўқувчиларга мактабда
маданий тил билимларини қандай ишлатиш ва қўллашни ўргатиш керак. Аксарият ўқувчилар
тил ўрганишдаги тўртта кўникмаларнинг ҳаммасини ҳам ўзлаштира олмайдилар ва ёзиш ва
гапиришда муаммоларга дуч келишади. Ёзма ёки оғзаки шаклда маълумотларни таҳлил қилиш
ва умумлаштиришга жуда қийналишади. Шунинг учун ўқувчиларга чет тилини ўқитишда
маданиятлараро мулоқотни ривожлантириш керак. Ўқувчиларга чет эл маданиятларини
чуқурроқ ўқитиш орқали, чет тилларини ўрганишга қизиқишини самарали ошириш мумкин.
Фойдаланилган адабиётлар рўйхати
:
1.
https://gujum.uz/ozbekiston/til-madaniyat-kozgusi-va-ruhimiz-qanoti/
2.
Винокур Г.О. Избранные работы по русскому языку. – М.: «Учпедгиз», 1959. –C. 211.
3.
Сепир Э. Избранные труды по языкознанию и культурологии. – М.: «Прогресс», 1993.
4.
Уорф Б.Л. Отношение норм поведения и мышления к языку. // «Новое в зарубежной
лингвистике». М., 1960, вып. 1. –С. 174.
5.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/til-va-madaniyat-zaro-munosabat-va-zaro-tasir-masalasi
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