3
│
Sub-sectors of the non-bank financial system
25
Table 6: Illustrative allocation of activities conducted by insurance-focused groups
Traditional
Non-traditional
Ins
ur
anc
e
Underwriting
Most life and non-life
insurance business
lines
Life insurance and
variable annuities
Mortgage guarantee
insurance
Trade credit insurance
Alternative risk transfer
(e.g., insurance-linked
securities)
Financial guarantee
insurance
Finite reinsurance
Investments and
funding
Proprietary investment
function (ALM)
Hedging for ALM
proposes
Funding through equity
and debt issues, also
securities lending
Proprietary and
derivatives trading
(non-ALM)
Property management
(related to investment
portfolio)
Purely synthetic
investment portfolios
Cascades of repos and
securities lending
Scope and scale of
activities beyond
insurance remit
N
on
-ins
ur
anc
e
CDS/CDO underwriting
Capital market business
Banking, including investment banking and hedge fund activities
Third-party asset management
Industrial activities
3.6
Central counterparties
The role of central counterparties (CCPs) in financial intermediation is
inter alia
to reduce
counterparty risks arising in bilateral transactions on OTC derivatives markets and, in turn, to
reduce risks to financial stability stemming from these counterparty risks. CCPs carry out this
function by acting as counterparty to every trade among clearing members, performing
multilateral netting and undertaking risk management activities to ensure that the failure of a
clearing member does not affect other members (Duffie and Zhu, 2011).
Absent CCPs, parties to bilateral OTC derivatives contracts manage the impact of counterparty risk
through the use of bilateral master agreements. These agreements aggregate all exposures
between two counterparties allowing for close-out netting in the event of default by one or the
other party. Close-out netting serves to offset the derivative payables by the defaulting party
against its derivative receivables vis-à-vis the non-defaulting counterparty (Singh, 2010).
Outstanding exposures between counterparties are also sometimes collateralised (after close-out
netting between counterparties) to further reduce counterparty risks. However, contracts may be
under-collateralised. Collateral is usually posted by end-users (non-dealers) to dealers but market
practice does not involve dealer-to-dealer collateral posting. In addition, dealers do not request
collateral from end-users such as sovereign entities and some corporates (IMF, 2010). Empirically,
22% of OTC derivative transactions are uncollateralised; and of the 78% of notional amounts that
are collateralised, 16% are unilateral (ISDA, 2010).
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