Naughty children in Gafur Gulam’s and Mark Twain’s works Contents Introduction Chapter I. Uzbek and American literature and their impact to the world Literature

CHAPTER II. THE CREATION OF MARK TWAIN AND GAFUR GULAM


2 .1. The role of Gafur Gulam in Uzbek literature

He has glory field with his talent in the Uzbek poetry.

N. Tikhonov
Gafur Gulam – the famous writer of Uzbekistan, was born on May, 10, 1903 in the family of peasants in Tashkent. His father was the competent person. He read products of the Uzbek and Tajik classical literature, knew Russian, itself wrote verses. In his house there were poets Muckymiy, Furkhat, Asiri, Hisalt and others.
In the autumn of 1916 Gafur was to go to school. After the death of his mother ( father has died earlier ) he has been compelled to go to work. Having tried it is a lot of trades, he at last has acted in a printing house the type-setter, and then began to study on pedagogical rates. With 1919 for 1927 he become the teacher, the principal, chairman of the Union of workers of education, actively participated in the organization of children’s homes. Propensity to poetry and literary creativity has early woken up in him. In poetry and prose of Gafur Gulam the history of Uzbek people has found the artistic realization. Creativity of the writer variously- verses, songs, poems, odes, stories.
Since 1923 G. Gulam’s literary activity began. Verses, poems, sketches, comic stories, appeared in newspapers and magazines. In 1923 Gafur Gulam has written a poem “Children of Pholix”, having displayed in the life-a life of the orphan, having told about children-orphans and in magazine “Ma’rifat va O’qituvchi” the second poem “In what beauty has been published. One by one collection of his verses leave: “Dynamo”, “The Chinese pictures”, “It we with you alive people”, “Alive songs”, “To you”, “Gift”, “Songs of a dawn”, “Kokhand” and others.
On formation of outlook and art taste Gafur Gulam’s huge influence rendered Vladimir Moyakovskiy’s works. In one of clauses, articles Gafur Gulam wrote: “ I know and like Russian classics and has translated many their products to the native language. But most of all I would like to name myself pupil Moyokovskiy which opened for me the diversified and inexhaustible opportunities in the field of rhythmic, the dictionary, an image, a sound structure of a verse. Expect for angry, castigating irony in satires, is more tremendous huge than strong feeling in lyrics Moyakovskiy, I tired to incorporate. All courageous oratorical force of his rhythmic, intonations, boldness of metaphors, expressiveness of hyperboles. Even the breakdown of a verse raising him rhythmic, intonational and semantic expressiveness, I managed to apply in Uzbek poem “It proves to be true many works of Gafur Gulam for example: “On ways of Turksiba”, “The native ground”, “Long live the world”.
In poems of Gafur Gulam written in the beginning of 30^th years, turn to new forms that was promoted to no small degree by studying Russian classical poetry is planned. Besides for the description of such surprising changes which occurred in his native edge; rough growth of the industry construction of trunk-railway Turksib etc, were required the new lexicon , the new poetic paints, new intonations and rhythms. “Dynamo” (1931), “Alive songs” (1932) – the first poetic collections in which style of the young poet is strongly pronounced. Universal, humanistic motives “Garden” (1934), “Melancholy” (1942) have found reflection in such verses as “Winter and a snow” (1929), “Bread” (1931), “Tashkent” (1933), “Electrons on North Pole” (1937), “In the Jew” (1941), “Winter” (1941), “Woman”(1942), “Unfortunately, regrets have not buried” (1945), “The Autumn has come” (1945) and other poems on eternity of a life, on eternally green tree. At many poems there is an image of east wise man “ota” (father), “You are not the orphan” (1942), “Who studies, who learns” (1950), “To you-young” (1947), “Melodies of spring” (1948) .
In stories “Netay” (1930), “Yodgor” (1936), “Mischievous person” (1936-1962) and stories. “Cunnings in She’riyat” (1930), “Mine son’s the pilferer” (1965) are represented truly national characters, national colour is reflected.
Story “Netay”- the remarkable product full of wide social generalizations. In a basis of a plot the valid event is necessary. Last Bukhara emir on a way to Petersburg stops in Tashkent. Richman made everything that emir was pleased and cheerful. For his entertainment they result in girl Netay. With deep sympathy images of simple Russian Workers - Seeds and his wives, sheltered deserted ten year’s Netay are written out, is thin feeling, spiritually rich.
In stories it was reflected extremely difference and flexibility of talent Gafur Gulam and masterly possession of technics of prose.
The academician of the Academy of sciences of Uzbekistan (1943), Gafue Gulam has created researches “Navoi and our epoch” (1948), “Folklore a prenmal spring” (1939), “The drama of Jaloliddin” (1945), “Mukimiy” (1941).
Actual work for time was poem “Yuldash” telling about mighty force of education of young generation. In civil war native have lost Yuldash. About the boy as well as about other deserted teenagers becoming homeless children, the state has shown care has created for them boarding schools and children’s homes where children have found shelter:
How many tender eyes,
How many careful hands.
In a boarding school has found
Surprised Yuldash!
So much true friends,
So much nice girlfriends!
Study and cheek up….
Here it is not necessary to be knocked
At the closed door.
Passion to work.
Into consciousness enters.
All conceive Master. ⁹
Pupils of children’s home, growing, begin ready to rise on protection of independence of the Native land. In a poem with the big skill and heat meeting Yuldash with the father is represented, is deep and the shape of people, a true duty is full opened.
The Theme of the defender of the country receives the further development and a during war 1941-1945. It addresses to people with an appeal to put creative activity “all patience, all talent” in construction, in nice affairs, in an victory over fascism.
The poet sings of a role of the woman – Uzbek in economic development of the country during the post – war period:
From morning of death nights,
Sleepless, difficult, as well as days.
From darkness ignorance , melancholy,
About the woman, since recent years.
You have escaped on white light
Go in shops..
And in institute, where an idea of light
That all to understand and ring averse,
And singing of a fast drill
All world today is given to you.
It take, about dear sister!
In a poem “Two certificates” it glorifies a reorganization of a kishlak, expressing feelings of the Uzbek peasantry and his dream of the future. The poem is strong the fidelity to the severe truth of a life, the deep reason. Here historically authentic pictures of a life Uzbek peasantry are extremely truthful drawn. This theme sounds and in poem “Kokhand”. In due time it was popular in people and has played the big propaganda role in struggle for strengthening of an agriculture.
Gafur Gulam is known and as the master of the short, extremely topical story where it is entered as narrative reception author’s speech and the free reference to the reader in the form of an alive friendly chat of dispute, asked for questions and answers of the writer.
The majority of the prosaic products created by Gafur Gulam in 30^th years is developed to new human mutual relations. The basic problems which it puts and resolves in works is a struggle for moral and cultural development. The author creates bright positive images in the prosaic products. By the positive hero, the person with the big soul it is represented Jura in stories “Yodgor”. It brings up the another’s child. Concerning the ordinary person to the another’s child. The author has shown a high moral level of Jura. Many works of gafur Gulam have developed to children. The most successful is the story “Mischievous person”. The hero himself tells about the trogical life. The boy ran from a house to the aunt because mum of him has punished when he has born products from a house. But also here to him not carried: he has casually killed a femail quail of the uncle and consequently has left also this house. So he started to be on the tramp and wander. The writer concentrates attention to the image of experiences and feelings of the naughty boy, on his inwardness of soul. The description of external events, things, everything, that surrounds the small hero, serves the profound disclosing of human feelings. All is subordinated to this and a principle of the description of the phenomena and a landscape and a figurative fabric of product.
To children and youth has devoted excellent verses: “Two childhoods”, “I know”, “You waited with the Native land”.
For military years Gafur Gulam created such remarkable poems which have received wide popularity as: “You are not orphan”, “I wait for you!”, “Time”, “Prowaters”, “Woman”, “Every dog has his day”.
In a poem of “Prowater” loving father with full consciousness of the patriotic debt addressing to the son with words is represented:
Fly, my falcon, on fight forward!
To you, eighteen it was executed years…
In a poem “ I wait for you my son!” the poet sings of stability and force of fathers which the heroic work in rear approached a victory over the enemy.
The love of the person to children those heavy years has got great sense. It vividly you feel, reading a remarkable poem “You are not orphan” in which the question is children who have lost parents.
The poems of the poet: “Giant”, “Holiday of winners”, “Time”, “The woman” written within war are samples of high civil poetry. They were included in the collection’s “New verses”, “Fires of Uzbekistan”, “Mothers”, “Pride of Uzbek people”, “The song on a down”, “Long live the world!”, “It is your signature”. In the poems including in these collections. The poet aspired to answer the major questions a peace time, to show success of Uzbek people on a labor field. The hero of his poem – the farmer soldier borrowed with peace affairs and peace work.
Gafur Gulam – the passionate fighter for the world, friendship and happiness of peoples. The poet has created a cycle of the verses devoted to the struggle for the peach of the world. Best of them: “From tribune of the World”, “Long live the world!”, “It is your signature” and others. Gafur Gulam’s creativity of the post – war period has played significant role in development of the Uzbek literature. If in military years in his poems we find deep experiences and thoughts of people with the weapon in hands protecting that has been created by them before war in his post – war lyrics with a poetic spontaneity and sincere agitation experiences of the same people asserting the world on the grand sound. The post – war lyrics of the poet, this is logic continuation and development of his lyrics of military years and poems “Remember, the Native land waits for you!” And “The Holiday of winners”- as though a link of these two periods of creativity of the writer.
Gafur Gulam is known for the talented translation into the Uzbek language of products of Pushkin, Lermantov, Ghriboyedova, Moyakovskiy, Nazim Hikmet, Rustaveli, Bottoms, Shakespeare, Dante.