The classical economists money demand equation can also be written in terms of real money balances
558
PA R T V I I
Monetary Theory
in our analysis of money demand in Chapter 5 and in Chapter 22 that describes
the
ISLM
model. Because money demand is negatively related to the interest rate,
a fall in
i
leads to a rise in the quantity of money demanded
M
d
, and so the money
demand curve is downward sloping as in Figure 5-8 (page 98). Keynes s conclu-
sion that the demand for money is related not only to income but also to interest
rates is a major departure from Fisher s view of money demand, in which interest
rates have no effect on the demand for money.
By deriving the liquidity preference function for velocity
PY/M,
we can see that
Keynes s theory of the demand for money implies that velocity is not constant but
instead fluctuates with movements in interest rates. The liquidity preference equa-
tion can be rewritten as
Multiplying both sides of this equation by
Y
and recognizing that
M
d
can be
replaced by
M
because they must be equal in money market equilibrium, we solve
for velocity:
(5)
We know that the demand for money is negatively related to interest rates; when
i
goes up,
f
(
i, Y
) declines, and therefore velocity rises. In other words, a rise in
interest rates encourages people to hold lower real money balances for a given
level of income; therefore, the rate at which money turns over (velocity) must be
higher. This reasoning implies that because interest rates have substantial fluctua-
tions, the liquidity preference theory of the demand for money indicates that
velocity has substantial fluctuations as well.
An interesting feature of Equation 5 is that it explains some of the velocity
movements in Figure 21-1 (page 555), in which we noted that when recessions
occur, velocity falls or its rate of growth declines. What fact regarding the cyclical
behaviour of interest rates that we discussed in Chapter 5 might help us explain
this phenomenon? You might recall that interest rates are procyclical, rising in
expansions and falling in recessions. The liquidity preference theory indicates that
a rise in interest rates will cause velocity to rise also. The procyclical movements
of interest rates should induce procyclical movements in velocity, and that is
exactly what we see in Figure 21-1.
Keynes s model of the speculative demand for money provides another rea-
son why velocity might show substantial fluctuations. What would happen to
the demand for money if the view of the normal level to which interest rates
gravitate changes? For example, what if people expect the future normal inter-
est rate to be higher than the current normal interest rate? Because interest rates
are then expected to be higher in the future, more people will expect the prices
of bonds to fall and will anticipate capital losses. The expected returns from
holding bonds will decline, and money will become more attractive relative to
bonds. As a result, the demand for money will increase. This means that
f
(
i, Y
)
will increase and so velocity will fall. Velocity will change as expectations about
future normal levels of interest rates change, and unstable expectations about
future movements in normal interest rates can lead to instability of velocity. This
is one more reason why Keynes rejected the view that velocity could be treated
as a constant.
To sum up, Keynes s liquidity preference theory postulated three motives for
holding money: the transactions motive, the precautionary motive, and the spec-
V
=
PY
M
=
Y
f
(
i
,
Y
)
P
M
d
=
1
f
(
i
,
Y
)
ulative motive. Although Keynes took the transactions and precautionary compo-
nents of the demand for money to be proportional to income, he reasoned that
the speculative motive would be negatively related to the level of interest rates.
Keynes s model of the demand for money has the important implication that
velocity is not constant but instead is positively related to interest rates, which
fluctuate substantially. His theory also rejected the constancy of velocity because
changes in people s expectations about the normal level of interest rates would
cause shifts in the demand for money that would cause velocity to shift as well.
Thus Keynes s liquidity preference theory casts doubt on the classical quantity
theory that nominal income is determined primarily by movements in the quan-
tity of money.
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