I S V E LO C I T Y A C O N S TA N T ?
The classical economists conclusion that nominal income is determined by move-
ments in the money supply rested on their belief that velocity
PY/M
could be
treated as reasonably constant.
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Is it reasonable to assume that velocity is constant?
To answer this, let s look at Figure 21-1, which shows four-quarter (short-run) per-
centage changes in velocity from 1968 to 2008 (nominal income is represented by
nominal GDP and the money supply by M2++ (gross)).
What we see in Figure 21-1 is that even in the short run, velocity fluctuates
too much to be viewed as a constant. Prior to 1980, velocity exhibited large
swings up and down. This may reflect the substantial instability of the economy
in this period. After 1980, velocity appears to have more moderate fluctuations,
yet there are large differences in the growth rate of velocity from year to year.
Velocity actually falls, or at least its rate of growth declines, in years when reces-
sions are taking place.
Until the Great Depression, economists did not recognize that velocity
declines sharply during severe economic contractions. Why did the classical
economists not recognize this fact? Unfortunately, accurate data on GDP and the
money supply did not exist before World War II. (Only after the war did the gov-
ernment start to collect these data.) Economists had no way of knowing that their
view of velocity as a constant was demonstrably false. The decline in velocity
during the Great Depression years was so great, however, that even the crude
data available to economists at that time suggested that velocity was not con-
stant. This explains why, after the Great Depression, economists began to search
for other factors influencing the demand for money that might help explain the
large fluctuations in velocity.
C H A P T E R 2 1
The Demand for Money
555
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Actually, the classical conclusion still holds if velocity grows at some uniform rate over time that
reflects changes in transaction technology. Hence the concept of a constant velocity should more accu-
rately be thought of here as a lack of upward and downward fluctuations in velocity.
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F I G U R E 2 1- 1
Change in the Velocity of M2++ (gross), 1968 2008
Shaded areas indicate recessions.
Source
: Statistics Canada CANSIM II series V41552801, V41707150, and V1997756.
556
PA R T V I I
Monetary Theory
Let us now examine the theories of money demand that arose from this search
for a better explanation of the behaviour of velocity.
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