Bruce Bent and the Money Market Mutual Fund Panic
of 2008
FYI
Bruce Bent, one of the originators of money
market mutual funds, almost brought down
the industry during the subprime financial
crisis in the fall of 2008. Mr. Bent told his
shareholders in a letter written in July 2008
that the fund was managed on a basis of
unwavering discipline focused on protect-
ing your principal. He also wrote the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission in
September 2007, When I first created the
money market fund back in 1970, it was
designed with the tenets of safety and liquid-
ity.
He added that these principles had
fallen to the wayside as portfolio managers
chased the highest yield and compromised
the integrity of the money fund. Alas, he did
not follow his own advice, and his fund, the
Reserve Primary Fund, bought risky assets so
that its yield was higher than the industry
average.
When Lehman Brothers went into bank-
ruptcy on September 15, 2008, the Reserve
Primary Fund, with assets of over $60 billion,
was caught holding the bag on $785 million
of Lehman s debt, which then had to be
marked down to zero. The resulting losses
meant that on September 16, Bent s fund
could no longer afford to redeem its shares
at the par value of $1, a situation known as
breaking the buck.
Bent s shareholders
began to pull their money out of the fund,
causing it to lose 90% of its assets.
The fear that this could happen to other
money market mutual funds led to a classic
panic in which shareholders began to with-
draw their funds at an alarming rate. The
whole money market mutual fund industry
looked like it could come crashing down. To
prevent this, the Federal Reserve and the U.S.
Treasury rode to the rescue on September 19,
2008. The Fed set up a facility to make loans
to purchase commercial paper from money
market mutual funds so they could meet
the demands for redemptions from their
investors. The U.S. Treasury then put in a
temporary guarantee for all money market
mutual fund redemptions and the panic sub-
sided.
Not surprisingly, given the extension of a
government safety net to the money market
mutual fund industry, there are calls to regu-
late this industry more heavily. The money
market mutual fund industry will never be
the same.
266
PA R T I I I
Financial Institutions
The traditional financial intermediation role of banking has been to make long-
term loans and fund them by issuing short-term deposits, a process of asset trans-
formation commonly referred to as borrowing short and lending long. Here we
examine how financial innovations have created a more competitive environment
for the banking industry, causing the industry to change dramatically, with its tra-
ditional banking business going into decline.
In recent years, the traditional financial intermediation role of banking,
whereby banks make loans that are funded with deposits, is no longer as impor-
tant in our financial system. However, the decline in the market share of banks
in total lending and total financial intermediary assets does not necessarily indi-
cate that the banking industry is in decline. There is no evidence of a declining
trend in bank profitability. However, overall bank profitability is not a good
indicator of the profitability of traditional banking, because it includes an
increasing amount of income from nontraditional off-balance-sheet activities,
discussed in Chapter 13. Noninterest income derived from off-balance-sheet
activities, as a share of total banking income, increased from around 7% in 1980
to around 30% of total bank income today. Given that the overall profitability
of banks has not risen, the increase in income from off-balance-sheet activities
implies that the profitability of traditional banking business has declined. This
decline in profitability then explains why banks have been reducing their
traditional business.
To understand why traditional banking business has declined in size, we need
to look at how the financial innovations described earlier have caused banks to
suffer declines in their cost advantages in acquiring funds
that is, on the liabili-
ties side of their balance sheet
while at the same time they have lost income
advantages on the assets side of their balance sheet. The simultaneous decline of
cost and income advantages has resulted in reduced profitability of traditional
banking and an effort by banks to leave this business and engage in new and more
profitable activities.
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