started when uncertainty is high, either after a recession has begun or the stock
market has crashed. The failure of a major financial institution is a particularly
important source of heightened uncertainty that features prominently in financial
Home Bank in 1923, and the bank panic of 1879. Since good financial information
is harder to come by in a period of high uncertainty, adverse selection and moral
hazard problems increase, leading to a decline in lending and economic activity
(as shown by the arrow pointing from the last factor in the top row of Figure 9-1).
Because of the worsening business conditions and uncertainty about their banks
health, depositors begin to withdraw their funds from banks and a banking crisis
or bank panic often ensues. The resulting decline in the number of banks results
in a loss of their information capital and worsening adverse selection and moral
hazard problems in the credit markets, leading to a further spiralling down of the
economy. Figure 9-1 illustrates this progression in the Stage Two portion. Bank
panics were a feature of all Canadian financial crises during the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries, occurring in 1866, 1879, 1923, and 1930 1933. Bank panics
were also a feature of all U.S. financial crises until World War II, occurring every
twenty years or so in 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1884, 1893, 1907, and 1930 33.
For the typical Canadian financial crisis, there is then a sorting out of firms that
were insolvent (had a negative net worth) from healthy firms by bankruptcy pro-
ceedings. The same process occurs for banks, often with the help of public and
private authorities. Once this sorting out is complete, uncertainty in financial mar-
kets declines, the stock market recovers, and interest rates fall. The overall result
is that adverse selection and moral hazard problems diminish and the financial cri-
sis subsides. With the financial markets able to operate well again, the stage is set
for the recovery of the economy, bringing us to the next possible stage.
If, however, the economic downturn leads to a sharp decline in prices, the recovery
process can be short-circuited. In this situation, shown as Stage Three in Figure 9-1,
a process called
debt deflation
occurs, in which a substantial unanticipated
decline in the price level sets in, leading to further deterioration in firms net worth
because of the increased burden of indebtedness. With debt deflation, the adverse
selection and moral hazard problems continue to increase so that lending, invest-
ment spending, and aggregate economic activity remain depressed for a long time.
The most significant financial crisis that included debt deflation was the Great
Depression, the worst economic contraction in history.
C H A P T E R 9
Financial Crises and the Subprime Meltdown
203
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: