Subprime mort-
gages
are mortgages for borrowers with less-than-stellar credit records.
Alt-A
mortgages
are mortgages for borrowers with higher expected default rates than
prime (A-paper), but with better credit records than subprime borrowers.
Households with credit records could now be assigned a numerical credit score,
known in the United States as a FICO score (named after the Fair Isaac Corporation
that developed it), that would predict how likely they would be to default on their
loan payments. In addition, by lowering transaction costs, computer technology
enabled the bundling together of smaller loans (like mortgages) into standard debt
securities, a process known as
securitization
.
from the unsettled business conditions created by the economic contraction wors-
ened adverse selection and moral hazard problems in the credit markets. The loss
of one-third of the banks reduced the amount of financial intermediation.
Intensified adverse selection and moral hazard problems decreased the ability of
financial markets to channel funds to firms with productive investment opportu-
nities. As our analysis predicts, the amount of outstanding commercial loans fell
by half from 1929 to 1933, and investment spending collapsed, declining by 90%
from its 1929 level.
The short-circuiting of the process that kept the economy from recovering
quickly, which it does in most recessions, occurred because of a fall in the price
level by 25% in the 1930 1933 period. This huge decline in prices triggered debt
deflation in which net worth fell because of the increased burden of indebtedness
borne by firms. The decline in net worth and the resulting increase in adverse
selection and moral hazard problems in the credit markets led to a prolonged eco-
nomic contraction in which unemployment rose to 25% of the labour force. The
financial crisis in the Great Depression was the worst ever experienced, and it
explains why this economic contraction was also the most severe ever experi-
enced by the United States.
1
1
For a discussion of the role of asymmetric information problems in the Great Depression period, see
Ben Bernanke,
Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great
Depression,
American Economic Review
73 (1983): 257 276; and Charles Calomiris, Financial Factors
and the Great Depression,
Journal of Economic Perspectives
(Spring 1993): 61 85.
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