Mishkin 2011. pdf


Credit-Rating Agencies and the Subprime Financial



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1 THE ECONOMICS OF MONEYS BAMKING AND FINANCIAL MARKETS

Credit-Rating Agencies and the Subprime Financial

Crisis

FYI


Credit-rating agencies have come under

severe criticism for the role they played dur-

ing the subprime financial crisis in the U.S.

Credit-rating agencies advised clients on how

to structure complex financial instruments

that paid out cash flows from subprime mort-

gages. At the same time, they were rating

these identical products, leading to the poten-

tial for severe conflicts of interest. Specifically,

the large fees they earned from advising

clients on how to structure products that they

were rating meant they did not have suffi-

cient incentives to make sure their ratings

were accurate.

When housing prices began to fall and

subprime mortgages began to default, it

became crystal clear that the rating agencies

had done a terrible job of assessing the risk

in the subprime products they had helped to

structure. Many AAA-rated products had to

be downgraded over and over again until

they reached junk status. The resulting mas-

sive losses on these assets were one reason

why so many financial institutions that were

holding them got into trouble, with absolutely

disastrous consequences for the economy.

Criticisms of the credit-rating agencies led

the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commision

(SEC) to propose comprehensive reforms in

2008. The SEC concluded that the credit-

rating agencies models for rating subprime

products were not fully developed and that

conflicts of interest may have played a role in

producing inaccurate ratings. To address

conflicts of interest, the SEC prohibited

credit-rating agencies from structuring the

same products they rate, prohibited anyone

who participates in determining a credit rat-

ing from negotiating the fee that the issuer

pays for it, and prohibited gifts from bond-

issuers to those who rate them in any amount

over $25. In order to make credit-rating

agencies more accountable, the SEC s new

rules also required more disclosure of how

the credit-rating agencies determine ratings.

For example, credit-rating agencies were

required to disclose historical ratings perfor-

mance, including the dates of downgrades

and upgrades, information on the underlying

assets of a product that were used by the

credit-rating agencies to rate a product, and

the kind of research they used to determine

the rating. In addition, the SEC required the

rating agencies to differentiate the ratings on

structured products from those issued on

bonds. The expectation is that these reforms

will bring increased transparency to the rat-

ings process and reduce the conflicts of inter-

est that played such a large role in the

subprime debacle.





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