Магистерская диссертация

Chapter 1. Resolution of difficult life situations by representatives of personal adaptations according to
1.1 Personal adaptations according to P. Ware and V. Joins: concept, formation, practical significance

The purpose of creating any model of personality is to improve the understanding of such a complex phenomenon as a “person”, by highlighting common features, despite the features that distinguish people from each other. At the moment, there are a large number of such models. Thus, one of them, the ego-state model, was one of the fundamental for the transactional-analytical approach created by Eric Berne [Bern, 2008, 2015]. Later, after the death of E. Bern, many important models for psychotherapeutic application were developed [Stankovskaya, 2020]: a model of life positions, a model of prescriptions, a model of personal adaptations. In this paper, the latter is considered in detail.

Model of personal adaptations ( personality adaptations ) appeared in the transactional analytic approach thanks to the work of two researchers: Paul Ware ( Paul Ware ) and Taibi Kylera ( Taibi Kahler ). The concept, the foundations of which were laid by their works [ Ware , 1983; Kahler 1972, 1999; Kahler and Capers 1974] was later developed by Vann Joines [ Joines 1986, 1988]. It was created and developed on the basis of the clinical experience gained by P. Ware while working with adolescents as part of inpatient treatment [ Joines , Stewart , 2002], and also by V. Joines in his private practice [ Joines , 2011].²
P. Ware wrote [ Ware , 1983] that part of the process of forming a life scenario by a child is the choice of a basic set of strategies for survival and for meeting needs and requirements. Sometimes, especially in stressful situations, these behavioral patterns can be used as early as adulthood. In this case, they act as a way of adapting to life in the world. Six sets of such strategies were identified, corresponding to six personality adaptations. Thus, personal adaptation can be defined as one of the six identified personality styles, which are six ways of adapting to life and based on what was best done in the family of origin [Stewart, Joines, 2016].
key ideas underlying the model were formulated by W. Joines and I. Stewart [ Joines , Stewart , 2002]. Let's list them:
1. There are six basic personality adaptations that an individual develops as a result of a combination of his genetic predisposition and early life experience.
2. The indicated adaptations are universal, and each person has some combination of them.
3. Every person has at least one "survival adaptation" and one "approval adaptation" that are preferred over others.
4. "Survival adaptation" is formed as a set of self-care strategies when trust in the world is undermined. "Adaptation of approval" develops as a set of behavioral strategies to meet the expectations put forward within the family.
5. Knowledge of personality adaptations can help the counselor or therapist to quickly establish contact, direct therapeutic interventions in areas most effective in terms of possible changes, and also avoid getting stuck in the client's defenses.
As can be seen from the above theses, the model of personal adaptations is practice-oriented and serves specialists to better understand the goals and actions of the client, as opposed to the “labeling” that exists in traditional diagnostics [ Joines , 2011].
P. Ware identified three types of survival adaptations and three types of approval adaptations. As a psychiatrist who worked with clinical manifestations of behavior, P. Ware gave names to adaptations in accordance with formal diagnostic categories [ Ware , 1983]. However, later V. Joines proposed alternative names that emphasize the fact that adaptations include both positive and negative behaviors [Stewart, Joines, 2016]. There are also names of adaptations given by T.
In our work, we will adhere to the names given by V. Joins in order to emphasize the healthy nature of adaptations, the absence of a pathological component in them.
Survival adaptations include the following: Creative Dreamer (Dreamer), Brilliant Skeptic (Skeptic), Charming Manipulator (Manipulator). They are thought to form in the first 18 months of life as a way to cope with feelings when the infant's needs are not met by the environment and the infant feels that its safety is threatened ( Kuehner , 2006). Such strategies can be seen as a response to a failed attempt to gain sympathy and understanding [ Stern , 1985] from parents and the environment.
The remaining three adaptations - Responsible Workaholic (Workaholic), Playful Rebel (Rebel), Over-Responsive Enthusiast (Enthusiast) - are endorsement adaptations . Their formation occurs between 18 months and 6 years. They reflect the child's ways of conforming to the parents' ideas of correct behavior and expectations of the child's achievement, both from the parents' side and from the outside world [ Joines , Stewart , 2002].³
In the works of P. Ware, adaptations acted as generalizing categories for the observed phenomena. The concept was further developed thanks to another key model - the Assessment Matrix ( Assessing Matrix ), developed by T. Keiler to assess personal dynamics within the Process therapy Model [ Kahler , 1996]. It is shown in Figure 1 [drive. by: Joines , Stewart , 2002, c . fourteen].