|
Charming Manipulator
Representatives of the Charming Manipulator adaptation either actively seek out the company of others and solve the problems that confront them, or completely avoid interpersonal contacts and are eliminated from solving problems. This explains the special position of this adaptation in the Evaluation Matrix - at the intersection of the "active/involved" and "passive/avoidant" quadrants.
Manipulators in communication with others are openly aggressive, at the same time charming.
They resort to intimidation or seduction to achieve what they want. They need active stimulation from the outside. They perform well in sales, in promotion, for example, raising funds or launching startups. They are charismatic, often going into politics or other public spheres. They also make excellent entrepreneurs.
Difficulties arise when they begin to manipulate others and benefit from relationships, if it is impossible to get what they want directly.
It can also be difficult for them to start doing something if there is no goal outside that can be pursued. They are distinguished by tactical thinking, the desire to outwit everyone without regard to the long-term consequences of their actions.
1.3 The concept of difficult life situations in psychology
In recent decades, the concept of "situation" has been actively used in psychological research [Filippov, Kovalev, 1986; Antsyferova, 1994; Ryaguzova, 2006]. However, from work to work, different semantic fullness is put into this category. An analysis of the theoretical concepts existing in psychology makes it possible to single out several approaches to the definition of the “situation” category [Ryaguzova, 2006], the essence of which is presented in Table 2.
In our work, the situation is considered within the framework of the subject-object approach, since we believe that when determining a life situation as difficult, both objective and subjective components are important, as well as their interaction and mutual influence. This point of view finds its justification in the works of some domestic psychologists, which will be shown later.
However, difficulties in the study of TLS arise not only due to different interpretations of the concept of "situation", but also due to the use of a large number of concepts synonymous with TLS. K.N. Vasilevskaya [Vasilevskaya, 2004], while analyzing studies on SLD, identified the following categories used along with SLD: a situation of social instability (V.V. Antipov and B.A. Sosnovsky, E.D. Telegina, N.F. Naumova ), which is characterized by an external impact on the need-motivational sphere, primarily through the phenomenon of existential uncertainty; a stressful situation (L. Peltsman, A.K. Bolotova), which develops in accordance with the stages of the flow of stress caused in a person living it through unforeseen and uncontrollable events; a crisis situation (A.K. Bolotova), which, due to the impossibility of realizing motives, aspirations, value orientations, disrupts the functioning of a person and leads to dual consequences: a change in the usual social environment and a change in the spatio-temporal parameters of a person’s life; a critical situation (F.E. Vasilyuk) as a whole can be described as “a situation in which the subject is faced with the impossibility of realizing the internal necessities of his life (motives, aspirations, values, etc.)” [Vasilyuk, 1984, p. 31] and includes four concepts: stress, conflict, frustration and crisis; an uncertain situation (G.N. Solntseva) arises as a result of external (excess or lack of information) and internal (content of subjective experience, characteristics of cognition, motivation and operational component of activity) uncertainty; a turning point (L.I. Antsyferova) occurs at “turning points in a person’s life” and requires him to anticipate possible life difficulties, quickly find options for responding to them and create special psychological conditions to achieve peace of mind; an extreme situation (M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov), which puts forward special, unique requirements for the individual due to its anomaly, and can also lead to post-traumatic stress disorders if the value-semantic sphere of the individual is not rebuilt in accordance with the situation that has arisen .
Let us return to the definition of the concept of TLS, which would reflect the aspects of the TLS studied in our work. As mentioned earlier, we proceed from the position of the significance of the interaction of objective and subjective factors when categorizing the situation as difficult. Let us consider the positions of the authors who develop the problem in the direction indicated by us.
E.B. Starovoitenko, we find a model of a significant life event that considers the situation as a whole, highlighting the following aspects in it: world, neighborhood, place, time, subject, I, body, significance, others, Other, facticity, theme, task, actions, activity, boundaries, reflection, I for myself, others for me, my past, my future, being together (with the Other), in the Other, historicity, dialogue, symbolic meaning, impression, new, value, possible [Starovoitenko, 2015]. Through this model, we can trace the ontological component of the situation, look at the life of the individual through a "situational" section, while maintaining the importance of the Other as the subject and object of relations, the source of problematization of the situation. As a development of this idea, A.N. Isaeva has developed a reflective questionnaire “My Significant Situation”, the questions of which can serve as reference points in the process of comprehending a significant life event [Isaeva, 2018].7
A.V. Libina considers a difficult (difficult) life situation “as a fragment of reality determined by internal and external factors, perceived at the subjective level as a psychological difficulty” [Libina, 2008, p. 75]. The author emphasizes such characteristics of TLS as a high level of uncertainty of the situation and a feeling of difficulty that arises at the subjective level. In addition, the following types of difficult situations are distinguished [ ibid ] :
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
