М. М. Кутепова The World of Chemistry Мир

Aspects or groups and voice infinitives	Past Actions preceding the moment of speaking	Present From speaker’s point of view
Future Actions following the moment of speaking
Simple Act. to solve — решать Pass, to be solved — решаться	He solved the problem yesterday. The problem was solved yesterday.	He always solves problems in chemistry. Problems are always solved in chemistry.	He will solve the problem tomoirow. The problem will be solved tomotrow.
Continuous (Progressive) Act. to be solving — решать в определенный момент Pass, to be being solved — решаться в определенный момент	He was solving the problem yesterday at that time. The problem was being solved at that time.	He is solving the problem now. The problem is being solved now.	He will be solving the problem at this time tomorrow.
Perfect Act. to have solved — (уже) (раз)решить Pass, to have been solved - (уже) было решено	He had solved the problem before we came. The problem had been solved by that time.	He has already solved the problem. The problem has already been solved.	He will have solved the problem by this time tomorrow. The problem will have been solved.
Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Act. to have been solving — решать в течение определенного отрезка времени Pass.	He had been solving the problem for 2 hours when we came.	He has been solving the problem for an hour.	He will have been solving the problem for a long time when we come.

206

Summary Chart of Verb Tenses

The moment of speaking


Table IA


past
Present Simple
«« H--H нЦ-н-и»
Past Simple
—*—i ►
Future Simple ^ 1—*—►
Present Perfect
—и—* ►
Past Perfect H ч ►
Future Perfect
I * и


Now
^ ► future
Present Continuous (Progressive)
^• )|( ~j——►
Past Continuous (Progressive)
^ VJL.-' i ^
Future Continuous (Progressive)
^ 1 \±.,‘»
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive)
^ ►
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive)
— I
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive)
■»


UNIT 2
English Sentence Structure


Table 2





207

Sentence Type			Subject	Predicate	Object or Adverbial Modifier
Affirmative			Alchemy	began to decline	in 1539.
sentence			The facts	can be observed	by us.
(Утвердитель-			The book	was published	in England.
нее предло-			People	have long had	a lust for gold.
жение)			Chemistry	studies	compounds.
General		Did	alchemy	begin to decline	in 1539?
questions		Can	the facts	be observed	by us?
(Общие		Was	the book	published	in England?
вопросы)		Have	people	long had	a lust for gold?
		Does	chemistry	study	compounds?
Special	When	did	alchemy	begin to decline?
questions	How	can	the facts	be observed?	-
	Where	was	the book	published?
Questions	What			began to decline	in 1539?
to the subject				was published	in England?
	Who			can observe	the facts?
	What		science	studies	compounds?
Disjunctive	Alchemy began to decline in 1539, didn’t it?
questions	The facts can be observed by us, can't they?
(Разделитель	The book was published in England, wasn't it?
ные вопросы)	People have long had a lust for gold, haven't they? Chemistry studies compounds, doesn't it?
Note:	If the sentence is negative, the end of the disjunctive question is positive. (Если предложение отрицательное, «хвостик» разделительного
	вопроса — положительный.)
Example:	Physics doesn't study chemical changes, does it?
Alternative	Did alchemy begin to decline in 1539 or did it begin to decline earlier?
questions '	Can the facts be observed by us or by you?