М. М. Кутепова The World of Chemistry Мир

Section 4
Each problem in this section consists of a sentence in which one won ^or phrase has been italicized. From the four choices given, you should cho^^e the one word or phrase which could be substituted for the italicized won! <>^r phrase without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example: Gases mix together spontaneously.

1. 
   unexpectedly c) essentially
   
2. 
   impulsively d) basically
   

The correct answer is (b), so you should mark (b).

14. 
    It may seem strange* that man came rather late to the investigdion** of organic polymers.
    

* a) unique c) peculiar
b) odd d) singular


** a) examination
b) creation

100. 
     discovery
     

4. 
   invention
   

4. 
   The special processes were fundamental for the formation of comP^oun(*^s-
   
5. 
   vital c) essential
   
6. 
   cardinal d) critical
   

4. 
   At present, however, we use the term “organic compounds” to т^^лп carbon compounds.
   
5. 
   recently c) nowadays
   
6. 
   lately d) originally
   

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33. Most of the organic chemicals we have are man-made.

1. 
   artificial
   
2. 
   false
   

3. 
   unreal
   
4. 
   assumed
   

5. 
   There’s a simple reason for keeping carbon compounds separate: there’re just too many of them.
   

Section 5
In each of the following sentences, four words or phrases have been italicized. You should choose the one word or phrase that would not be appropriate in standard written English. Mark and write the correct word or phrase.

34. 
    Shortly (a) after Galileo’s time, Newton invented another kind of (b) telescope which (c) he installed mirrors in place of (d) lenses.
    
35. 
    From (a) Greek philosophy was devised (b) Aristotle’s theory that (c) four qualities could be ascribed to all matter — heat (d), dry, wet and cold.
    
36. 
    The development of alchemy can have traced (a) through various texts, although the authenticity (b) of early books is (c) sometimes in question (d).
    
37. 
    Both isotopes of uranium are naturally (a) radioactive, that is (b), their large, unstable (c) atoms slowly desintegrated into (d) a short period of time.
    
38. 
    In the (a) Chapter 1 of that book there is (b) a really (c) good explanation of photosynthesis, complete with (d) illustrations.
    

Section 6
You will be given three reading passages. Each passage is followed by questions concerning its content. You are to choose the one answer to each question from the four choices given.

1. 
   objective
   
2. 
   aim
   

3. 
   purpose
   
4. 
   cause
   

200

TEXT 1

Students beginning a study of organic chemistry learn that there are officially approved ways of naming many individual compounds, and they may even learn that the author of their textbook misdirects them in connection with such names. They are less likely, however, to learn as much history of the official nomenclature as of the reactions and theories included in the course. Yet a look at the history of official nomenclature provides some interesting insights into how chemists go about their work, how emphases and influences shift during the development of a field. Perhaps surprisingly, the characteristic of chemists that seems to persist through the history of organic nomenclature is their resistance to change — this is a group whose excitement is often associated with logical trains of thought and new reactions schemes and theoretical concepts.
Names of compounds are now based on structure, but names were coined before structures were known or even acknowledged. In a landmark paper in 1832, Justus Liebig and Friedrich Wohler used benzoyl as the name for the molecular fragment that persisted in a series of reactions. The name was not associated with structure, but just with the C₇H₅0 fragment; it continues in official use today for the same fragment and now also for a particular structure. The need for names always outturns the prescribing of rules for names. Some of the first- formed names like benzoyl found such wide acceptance and use that systematization, when it came, had to accommodate them. Frequently, these early, persistent names, such as formic acid (Latin formica, or “ant”), reflected a first or significant source of the compound. Similar practice continues today, especially with natural products of unknown structure.

34.