T h e SPE's Meaning a n d Messages
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P U T T I N G T H E S P E I N T O ITS Z E I T G E I S T F R A M E
To appreciate more fully the extent of the character transformations in our stu-
dent prisoners and guards that were induced by their experience in our mock
prison, it is well to consider the Zeitgeist of the late 1 9 6 0 s and early 1 9 7 0 s . It was
a time to reject authority, to "trust no one over thirty," to oppose the "military/
industrial establishment," to participate in antiwar rallies, to join in civil rights
and women's rights causes. It was a time for young people to rebel against the
rigid societal and parental conformity that had so restricted their parents in the
1 9 5 0 s . It was a time to experiment with sex, drugs, and rock and roll and to let
your hair grow long, "to let it all hang out." It was a time to be a "hippie," to go to
"be-ins" and "love-ins," to be a San Francisco "flower child" with flowers in your
hair, to be a pacifist, and especially to be an individualist. The Harvard psycholo-
gist Timothy Leary, that generation's intellectual acid guru, offered a triple pre-
scription for young people everywhere: "tune out" of traditional society; "turn
on" to mind-altering drugs; and "tune in" to one's inner nature.
The rise of the Youth Culture, with its dramatic rebellion against injustice
and oppression, was centered on the immorality of the Vietnam War, its obscene
daily body counts, and an administration unwilling to admit its error, cut bait and
exit for seven bloody years. These values were in the wind blowing across
European and Asian youth movements. Europeans were even more militant than
their American counterparts in vigorously challenging the establishment. They
openly rebelled against both political and academic orthodoxy. In direct opposi-
tion to what they considered reactionary, repressive regimes, students in Paris,
Berlin, and Milan "manned the barricades." Many were socialists who challenged
fascist and Communist totalitarianism, and they deplored the financial restric-
tions on access to higher education.
The student volunteers in our study, as a group, emerged from this youth cul-
ture of rebellion, personal experimentation, and the rejection of authority and
conformity. We might have expected the subjects in our experiment to be more re-
sistant to institutional forces than they were, to resist complying with the domi-
nance of the "System" that I imposed on them. We did not anticipate that they
would adopt such a power-prone mentality when they became guards because
none of our volunteers preferred to be a guard when he was given that option.
Even Tough Guard Hellmann wanted to be a prisoner rather than a guard, be-
cause, as he told us, "most people resent guards."
Virtually all of our student volunteers felt that becoming a prisoner was a
more likely possibility for them in the future; they were not going to college in
order to get jobs as prison guards, and they might get arrested for various minor
infractions someday. I take this to mean that there was not a predilection among
those assigned to be guards to be abusive or domineering in the ways they later
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