2 2 2
The Lucifer Effect
performance. Thus, this group of ordinary pupils proved the "Pygmalion Effect"
by becoming what they were expected to be—academically outstanding. Sadly,
the opposite is likely to occur even more frequently when teachers expect poor
performance from certain kinds of pupils—from minority backgrounds or in
some classes even from male students. Teachers then unconsciously treat them in
ways that validate those negative stereotypes, and those students performing less
well than they are capable.
In the SPE, the student volunteers could have elected to quit at any time. No
guns or legal statutes bound them to their imprisonment, only a subject selection
form on which they promised to do their best to last the full two weeks. The con-
tract was merely a research contract between university researchers, a university
human subjects research committee, and university students—all assumed ini-
tially that they could exercise free will and leave whenever they chose not to con-
tinue. However, as was obvious in the events that unfolded on the second day, the
prisoners came to believe that it was a prison being run by psychologists and not
by the State. They persuaded themselves, based on the quip by D o u g - 8 6 1 2 , that
no one could leave of his own volition. Thus, none of them ever said, "I quit this
experiment." Instead, the exit strategy for many became the passive one of forc-
ing us to release them because of their extreme psychological distress. Their social
construction of this new reality cemented them in the oppressive situation being
created by the guards' capricious and hostile actions. The prisoners themselves
became their own guards.
Another aspect of the way social reality was constructed in this research lies
in the "release deal" that prisoners were offered at the end of their parole hearing.
We framed the situation in terms of the power of the parole board to grant a pa-
role if a prisoner were willing to forfeit all the money he had earned as a "pris-
oner." Even though most acquiesced to this deal, being willing to leave without
any remuneration for the days they had in fact worked as "research subjects,"
none made the slightest attempt to leave at that point—to quit "the experiment."
Instead, they accepted the social reality of parole over that of personal liberty to
act in one's best self-interest. Each one allowed himself to be handcuffed, his head
hooded, and led away from this near freedom back down to the prison dungeon.
Dehumanization: The O t h e r as Nothing Worthwhile
Kill a Gook for God
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