2 3 4
The Lucifer Effect
and resulted in such extreme stress and emotional turmoil that five of the sample
of initially healthy young prisoners had to be released early.
The guards also suffered from the realization of what they had done under
the cloak of their role and behind their anonymity-engendering sunglasses. They
could see and hear the pain and humiliation they were causing to fellow students
who had done nothing to deserve such brutality. Their realization of their unde-
niably excessive abuse of the prisoners was much greater than the distress experi-
enced by participants in Stanley Milgram's classic research on "blind obedience to
authority," which we will review in depth in the next chapter.
4
That research has
been challenged as unethical because participants could imagine the pain they
were supposedly inflicting by shocking a remote victim, the "learner."
5
But as
soon as the study ended they discovered that the "victim" was really an experi-
mental confederate who had never been hurt but only pretended to be. Their dis-
tress came from their awareness of what they might have done had the shocks been
real. In contrast, the distress of our guards came from their awareness that their
"shocks" to the prisoners were all real, direct, and continual.
An additional feature of the study that would qualify it as unethical was not
disclosing in advance the nature of the arrests and formal booking at police head-
quarters to the students who had been assigned to the prisoner role or to their
parents, who were caught off guard by this unexpected Sunday intrusion into
their lives. We were also guilty of manipulating parents into thinking the situa-
tion of their sons was not as bad as it was by the various deceptive and control
procedures we inaugurated on Visiting Nights. If you recall, we worried that par-
ents would take their sons home if they fully realized the abusive nature of this
mock prison. To forestall such action, which would have ended the study, we put
on a "show" for them. We did so not only to keep our prison intact but also as a
basic ingredient of our prison simulation, because such deceptions are usual in
many systems under investigation by oversight committees. By putting out a
good-looking red carpet, system managers counter complaints and concerns
about the negative aspects of their situation.
Another reason for considering the SPE as unethical is the failure to termi-
nate the study sooner than we did. I should have called it quits after the second
prisoner suffered a severe stress disorder on Day 3. That should have been suffi-
cient evidence that D o u g - 8 6 1 2 was not faking his emotional reaction and break-
down on the previous day. We should have stopped after the next and the next and
the next prisoners suffered extreme disorders. But we did not. It is likely, however,
that I would have terminated the study on Sunday, at the end of a full week, as a
"natural ending," had not Christina Maslach's intervention forced premature clo-
sure. I might have ended it after one week because I and the small staff of Curt
Banks and David Jaffe were exhausted from dealing with the around-the-clock lo-
gistics and the need to contain the guards' escalating abuses.
In retrospect, I believe that the main reason I did not end the study sooner,
when it began to get out of hand, resulted from the conflict created in me by my
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