T h e SPE's Meaning a n d Messages
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Anonymity and Deindividuation
In addition to the power of rules and roles, situational forces mount in power with
the introduction of uniforms, costumes, and masks, all disguises of one's usual
appearance that promote anonymity and reduce personal accountability. When
people feel anonymous in a situation, as if no one is aware of their true identity
(and thus that no one probably cares), they c a n more easily be induced to behave
in antisocial ways. This is especially so if the setting grants permission to enact
one's impulses or to follow orders or implied guidelines that one would usually
disdain. Our silver reflecting sunglasses were one such tool for making the guards,
the warden, and me seem more remote and impersonal in our dealings with the
prisoners. Their uniforms gave the guards a common identity, as did the necessity
of referring to them in the abstract as, "Mr. Correctional Officer."
A body of research (to be explored in a later chapter) documents the excesses
to which deindividuation facilitates violence, vandalism, and stealing in adults as
in children—when the situation supports such antisocial actions. You may recog-
nize this process in literature as William Golding's Lord of the Flies. When all
members of a group of individuals are in a deindividuated state, their mental
functioning changes: they live in an expanded-present moment that makes past
and future distant and irrelevant. Feelings dominate reason, and action domi-
nates reflection. In such a state, the usual cognitive and motivational processes
that steer their behavior in socially desirable paths no longer guide people. In-
stead, their Apollonian rationality and sense of order yield to Dionysian excess
and even chaos. Then it becomes as easy to make war as to make love, without
considering the consequences
I am reminded of a Vietnamese saying, attributed to the Buddhist monk
Thich Nhat Hanh: "in order to fight each other, baby chicks of the same mother
hen paint their faces different colors." It is a quaint way to describe the role of
deindividuation in facilitating violence. It is worth noticing, as we shall see, that
one of the guards in the infamous Tier 1A at Abu Ghraib's torture center painted
his face silver and black in the pattern of the rock group Insane Clown Posse,
while he was on duty and posed for one of the many photos that documented pris-
oner abuse. We will have much more to say later about deindividuation processes
as they contributed to the Abu Ghraib abuses.
Cognitive Dissonance That Rationalizes Evil
An interesting consequence of playing a role publicly that is contrary to one's pri-
vate beliefs is the creation of cognitive dissonance. When there is a discrepancy be-
tween our behavior and beliefs, and when actions do not follow from relevant
attitudes, a condition of cognitive dissonance is created. Dissonance is a state of
tension that can powerfully motivate change either in one's public behavior or in
one's private views in efforts to reduce the dissonance. People will go to remark-
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