2 1 8
The Lucifer Effect
activated my Institutional Authority role and challenged her observation, imply-
ing that there must have been a personal problem with 1 0 3 7 , not an operational
problem with our prison.
In retrospect, my role transformation from usually compassionate teacher to
data-focused researcher to callous prison superintendent was most distressing. I
did improper or bizarre things in that new, strange role, such as undercutting this
mother's justified complaints and becoming agitated when the Palo Alto police of-
ficer refused my request to move our prisoners to the city jail. I think that because
I so fully adopted the role it helped to make the prison "work" as well as it did.
However, by adopting that role, with its focus on the security and maintenance of
"my prison," I failed to appreciate the need to terminate the experiment as soon as
the second prisoner went over the edge.
Roles and Responsibility for Transgressions
To the extent that we can both live in the skin of a role and yet be able to separate
ourselves from it when necessary, we are in a position to "explain away" our per-
sonal responsibility for the damage we cause by our role-based actions. We abdi-
cate responsibility for our actions, blaming them on that role, which we convince
ourselves is alien to our usual nature. This is an interesting variant of the Nurem-
berg Trial defense of the Nazi SS leaders: "I was only following orders." Instead
the defense becomes "Don't blame me, I was only playing my role at that time in
that place—that isn't the real me."
Remember Hellmann's justification for his abusive behavior toward Clay-
4 1 6 that he described in their television interview. He argued that he had been
conducting "little experiments of my own" to see how far he could push the pris-
oners so that they might rebel and stand up for their rights. In effect, he was
proposing that he had been mean to stimulate them to be good; their rebellion
would be his primary reward for being so cruel. Where is the fallacy in this post
hoc justification? It can be readily exposed in how he handled the sausage rebel-
lion by Clay-416 and Sarge's "bastard" rebellion; not with admiration for their
standing up for rights or principles but rather with rage and more extreme abuse.
Here Guard Hellmann was using the full power of being the ultimate guard, able
to go beyond the demands of the situation to create his own "little experiment" to
satisfy his personal curiosity and amusement.
In a recent interview with a reporter from the Los Angeles Times on a retro-
spective investigation of the aftermath of the SPE, Hellmann and D o u g - 8 6 1 2
both offered the same reasoning for why they acted as they did, the one being
"cruel," the other "crazy"—they were merely acting those roles to please Zim-
bardo.
2 1
Could be? Maybe they were acting new parts in the Japanese movie
Roshomon, where everyone has a different view of what really happened.
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