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The Lucifer Effect
ened" by the ease with which he became an autocratic master. This sixty-five-
year-old architect was not prepared to slip so readily into a role that allowed him
to exercise absolute power over a household of underservants whom he bossed:
"Suddenly you realize that you don't have to speak. All I had to do was lift my fin-
ger up and they would keep quiet. And that is a frightening thought—it's ap-
palling." A young woman who played the role of a housemaid but who in real life
is a tourist information officer, began to feel like an invisible person. She described
how she and the others so quickly adapted to their subservient role: "I was sur-
prised, then scared at the way we all became squashed. We learned so quickly that
you don't answer back, and you feel subservient."
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Typically, roles are tied to specific situations, jobs, and functions, such as
being a professor, doorman, cab driver, minister, social worker, or porn actor. They
are enacted when one is in that situation—at home, school, church, or factory, or
onstage. Roles can usually be set aside when one returns to his or her "normal"
other life. Yet some roles are insidious, are not just scripts that we enact only from
time to time; they can become who we are most of the time. They are internalized
even as we initially acknowledge them as artificial, temporary, and situationally
bound. We become father, mother, son, daughter, neighbor, boss, worker, helper,
healer, whore, soldier, beggar man, thief, and many more.
To complicate matters further, we all must play multiple roles, some conflict-
ing, some that may challenge our basic values and beliefs. As in the SPE, what
starts out as the "just playing a role" caveat to distinguish it from the real indi-
vidual can have a profound impact when the role behavior gets rewarded. The
"class clown" gets attention he can't get from displaying special academic talents
but then is never again taken seriously. Even shyness can be a role initially en-
acted to avoid awkward social encounters, a situational awkwardness, and when
practiced enough the role morphs into a shy person.
Just as discomfiting, people c a n do terrible things when they allow the role
they play to have rigid boundaries that circumscribe what is appropriate, ex-
pected, and reinforced in a given setting. Such rigidity in the role shuts off the tra-
ditional morality and values that govern their lives when they are in "normal
mode." The ego-defense mechanism of compartmentalization allows us to mentally
bind conflicting aspects of our beliefs and experiences into separate chambers
that prevent interpretation or cross talk. A good husband can then be a guiltless
adulterer; a saintly priest can then be a lifelong pederast; a kindly farmer can then
be a heartless slave master. We need to appreciate the power that role-playing c a n
have in shaping our perspectives, for better as well as for worse, as when adopting
the teacher or nurse role translates into a life of sacrifice for the good of one's stu-
dents and patients.
Role Transitions from Healer to Killer
The worst-case scenario was the Nazi SS doctors who were assigned the role of se-
lecting concentration camp inmates for extermination or for "experiments." They
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