The SPE's Meaning and Messages
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behaving in the present. We know that what they had to see during counts and
other menial activities was usually a negative image of one another. That image
was all they had upon which to build a personality impression of their peers. Be-
cause they focused on the immediate situation, the prisoners also contributed to
fostering a mentality that intensified the negativity of their experiences. Gener-
ally, we manage to cope with bad situations by compartmentalizing them into a
temporal perspective that imagines a better, different future combined with recall
of a reassuring past.
This self-imposed intensification of prisoner mentality had an even more
damaging consequence: the prisoners began to adopt and accept the negative im-
ages that the guards had developed toward them. Half of all reported private
interactions between the prisoners could be classified as nonsupportive and non-
cooperative. Even worse, whenever the prisoners made evaluative statements of,
or expressed regard for, their fellow prisoners, 85 percent of the time they were
uncomplimentary and deprecating! These frequencies are statistically significant:
the greater focus on prison than nonprison topics would occur only one time in a
hundred by chance, while the focus on negative attributions of fellow prisoners as
opposed to positive or neutral terms would occur by chance only five times in a
hundred. This means that such emerging behavioral effects are "real" and not
likely to be attributed to random fluctuations in what the prisoners discussed in
the privacy of their cells.
By internalizing the oppressiveness of the prison setting in these ways, the
prisoners formed impressions of their mates primarily by watching them be hu-
miliated, act like compliant sheep, or carry out mindlessly degrading orders.
Without developing any respect for the others, how could they come to have any
self-respect in this prison? This last unexpected finding reminds me of the phe-
nomenon of "identification with the aggressor." The psychologist Bruno Bettel-
heim
7
used this term to characterize ways in which Nazi concentration camp
prisoners internalized the power that was inherent in their oppressors (it was first
used by Anna Freud). Bettelheim observed that some inmates acted like their Nazi
guards, not only abusing other prisoners but even wearing bits of cast-off SS uni-
forms. Desperately hoping to survive a hostile, unpredictable existence, the victim
senses what the aggressor wants and rather than opposing him, embraces his
image and becomes what the aggressor is. The frightening power differential be-
tween powerful guards and powerless prisoners is psychologically minimized by
such mental gymnastics. One becomes one with one's enemy—in one's own
mind. This self-delusion prevents realistic appraisals of one's situation, inhibits ef-
fective action, coping strategies, or rebellion, and does not permit empathy for
one's fellow sufferers.
8
Life is the art of being well-deceived; and in order that the
deception may succeed it must be habitual and uninterrupted.
—William Hazlitt, "On Pedantry,"
The Round Table, 1817