—Penned on helmet of a U.S. soldier in Vietnam
One of the worst things that we can do to our fellow human beings is deprive
them of their humanity, render them worthless by exercising the psychological
process of dehumanization. This occurs when the "others" are thought not to
possess the same feelings, thoughts, values, and purposes in life that we do. Any
The SPE's Meaning a n d Messages
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human qualities that these "others" share with us are diminished or are erased
from our awareness. This is accomplished by the psychological mechanisms of
intellectualization, denial, and the isolation of affect. In contrast to human rela-
tionships, which are subjective, personal, and emotional, dehumanized relation-
ships are objectifying, analytical, and empty of emotional or empathic content.
To use Martin Buber's terms, humanized relationships are "I-Thou," while
dehumanized relationships are "I—It." Over time, the dehumanizing agent is often
sucked into the negativity of the experience, and then the "I" itself changes, to
produce an "It-It" relationship between objects, or between agency and victim.
The misperception of certain others as subhuman, bad humans, inhuman, infra-
human, dispensable, or "animals" is facilitated by means of labels, stereotypes,
slogans, and propaganda i m a g e s .
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Sometimes dehumanization serves an adaptive function for an agent who
must suspend his or her usual emotional response in an emergency, a crisis, or a
work situation that demands invading the privacy of others. Surgeons may have
to do so when performing operations that violate another person's body, as may
first responders to a disaster. The same is often true when a job requires process-
ing large numbers of people in one's caseload or daily schedule. Within some car-
ing professions, such as clinical psychology, social work, and medicine, this
process is called "detached concern." The actor is put into the paradoxical posi-
tion of having to dehumanize clients in order to better assist or cure t h e m .
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Dehumanization typically facilitates abusive and destructive actions toward
those so objectified. It is hard to imagine that the following characterizations
made by our guards were directed toward their prisoners—other college students
who, but for a fateful coin flip, would have been wearing their uniforms: "I made
them call each other names and clean toilets out with their bare hands. I practi-
cally considered the prisoners cattle, and I kept thinking I have to watch out for
them in case they try something."
Or, from another of the SPE guards: "I was tired of seeing the prisoners in
their rags and smelling the strong odors of their bodies that filled the cells. I
watched them tear at each other on orders given by us."
The Stanford Prison Experiment created an ecology of dehumanization, just
as real prisons do, in a host of direct, constantly repeated messages. It started with
the loss of freedom and extended to the loss of privacy and finally to the loss of
personal identity. It separated inmates from their past, their community, and their
families and substituted for their normal reality a current reality that forced them
to live with other prisoners in an anonymous cell with virtually no personal
space. External, coercive rules and arbitrary decisions by guards dictated their be-
havior. More subtly, in our prison, as in all prisons I know about, emotions were
suppressed, inhibited, and distorted. Tender, caring emotions were absent among
both guards and prisoners after only a few days.
In institutional settings, the expression of human emotions is contained to
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