2 4 6
The Lucifer Effect
thus can be prevented or treated with hearing aids rather than psychotherapy or
institutionalization.
Therefore, I have argued that the seeds of madness can be planted in any-
one's backyard and will grow in response to transient psychological perturba-
tions in the course of the lifetime of ordinary experience. Switching from a
restrictive medical model of mental disturbances to a public health model encour-
ages the search for situational vectors at play in individual and societal distur-
bances rather than restricting the search to within the head of the distressed
individual. We are in a better position to prevent, as well as to treat, madness and
psychopathology when we bring fundamental knowledge of cognitive, social, and
cultural processes to bear on a fuller appreciation of the mechanisms involved in
transforming normal into dysfunctional behavior.
Teaching by Powering Down
My awareness of the ease with which I became a dominating power figure in the
SPE led me to restructure my teaching methods to give students more power and
limit the teacher's role to his command of expertise in his field rather than social
control. I instituted "open-mike" periods at the start of class when students in
large lectures could criticize anything about the course or make personal state-
ments about it. This evolved into online bulletin boards in which students were
encouraged to speak openly about positive and negative aspects of the course
every day throughout the term. I also reduced competition for top grades among
students by not grading on a curve and instead developing absolute standards
that derived from each student's mastery of material criteria, taking tests with a
learning partner, and even eliminating grading altogether in some c o u r s e s .
2 5
The SPE's Personal Impact
The year after the end of the SPE (August 1 0 , 1 9 7 2 ) , I married Christina Maslach
at the Stanford Memorial Church, where we also renewed our marital vows on
our twenty-fifth anniversary in the presence of our children. That heroine pro-
foundly affects all that I do in the best ways imaginable. In this relationship, I was
able to salvage one more bit of heaven from the hell of that prison experience.
Another personal impact that this little weeklong study had on me was in be-
coming an advocate for social change based on research-based evidence, in pro-
moting prison reform, and in my dedicated efforts to maximize the reach of the
SPE's significant messages. Let's review them in some detail.
Maximizing the Gain: Spreading the Social Gospel
While the SPE changed my life in many ways, one of the most abrupt changes oc-
curred as the result of my invited appearance before a subcommittee of the U.S.
House of Representatives: suddenly, I was transformed from an academic re-
searcher to an advocate for social change. In its hearings on prison reform in
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