participants by maximizing the gain of this research to science and society. My
early efforts are summarized in a book chapter written in 1 9 8 3 , "Transforming
Experimental Research into Advocacy for Social C h a n g e . "
2 8
The Power of Media and Visual Images
Because the SPE was such a visual experience, we used its images to spread the
message of situational power. First, I created a slide show of eighty images that
2 4 8
The Lucifer Effect
were synchronized to my audiotaped narration, with the help of Gregory White
in 1 9 7 2 ; it was distributed mostly to college teachers as a lecture supplement. The
advent of video enabled us to transfer these images and include in the presenta-
tion both archival footage from the study along with new footage, interviews, and
my videotaped narration. This project was developed with a team of Stanford stu-
dents headed by Ken Musen, the director of Quiet Rage: The Stanford Prison Experi-
ment (1985). Recently, it was upgraded to DVD format with the assistance of Scott
Pious in 2 0 0 4 . This fifty-minute presentation ensures the best quality and world-
wide accessibility. Its many dramatic still and action images made it possible to
further broaden the reach of the SPE by including a segment on it in Program 19
of the public television series that I helped to develop, Discovering Psychology,
"The Power of the Situation." I was also able to feature images from the SPE in my
introductory psychology textbooks, Psychology and Life and Psychology: Core Con-
cepts. Those images have also been incorporated into my lectures on the psy-
chology of evil before student, professional, and civic audiences.
The first publication of the SPE was in an article in the mainstream media,
"The Mind Is a Formidable Jailer; A Pirandellian Prison," in The New York Times
Magazine (April 8, 1 9 7 3 ) . This presentation was designed to reach beyond the
usual limited academic audience for such experimental research. In this publica-
tion, the power of the story was amplified by the inclusion of many illustrative im-
ages. A story in Life magazine (October 1 5 , 1 9 7 1 ) , entitled "I Almost Considered
the Prisoners as Cattle," attracted further media attention.
The visual nature of the SPE made it ripe for television and other media cov-
erage. I mentioned earlier that it was featured only a few months after its comple-
tion on NBC-TV's Chronolog series.
2 9
The illustrated story of the SPE was also
aired on 60 Minutes and the National GeographicTV series.
3 0
Most recently, it was
featured in a well-made television program, "The Human Behavior Experi-
m e n t s . "
3 1
Other ways in which I have actively tried to extend the impact of our study
include the following:
• Presenting the study to civic, judicial, military, law enforcement, and psy-
chology groups to enlighten them and to arouse concern about prison life.
• Organizing conferences on corrections in the U.S. military ( 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 3 ,
and 1 9 7 4 ) that examined the relationship of research programs to policy
decisions and measured their impact on military correctional systems.
One focus was on systemic problems, such as racial discrimination and the
frustrations of ambition that are fostered by recruiters.
3 2
• Helping a local community test out its new jail and its newly hired staff by
creating a mock prison in which 1 3 2 citizens volunteered to role-play pris-
oners for three days: The power of role-playing we witnessed in the SPE
was even more dramatic in this real jail setting—given that these guards
realized that they were under public scrutiny, they behaved rather kindly.
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