The SPE: Ethics and Extensions
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A Solid Replication in Another Culture
A team of researchers at the University of New South Wales, Australia, extended
the SPE by having one condition similar to ours and several other experimental
variants to explore how social organizations influence the relationship between
prisoners and guards.
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Their "Standard Custodial" regime was modeled on
medium-security prisons in Australia and was closest in its procedure to the SPE.
The researchers' central conclusion of their rigorous experimental protocol
notes: "Our results thus support the major conclusion of Zimbardo et al that hos-
tile, confrontive relations in prisons result primarily from the nature of the prison
regime, rather than the personal characteristics of inmates and officers" (p. 2 8 3 ) .
These results, within this research design, also help offset skepticism about the
validity of such simulation experiments by providing baselines to assess behav-
ioral changes from objectively defined structural characteristics of real-life
prisons.
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The M o c k Psychiatric Ward Experience
For three days, twenty-nine staff members at Elgin State Hospital in Illinois were
confined to a ward of their own, a mental ward in which they performed the role
of "patient." Twenty-two regular staff played their usual roles while trained ob-
servers and video cameras recorded what transpired. "It was really fantastic the
things that happened in there," reported research director Norma Jean Orlando.
In a short time the mock patients began acting in ways that were indistinguish-
able from those of real patients: six tried to escape, two withdrew into themselves,
two wept uncontrollably, one came close to having a nervous breakdown. Most
experienced a general increase in tension, anxiety, frustration, and despair. The
vast majority of staff-patients (more than 75 percent) reported feeling each of the
following: "incarcerated," without an identity, as if their feelings were not impor-
tant, as if nobody were listening to them, not being treated as a person, nobody
caring about them, forgetting it was an experiment, and really feeling like a pa-
tient. One staff-member-turned-patient who suffered during his weekend ordeal
gained enough insight to declare: "I used to look at the patients as if they were a
bunch of animals: I never knew what they were going through before."
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The positive outcome of this study, which was conceived as a follow-up to the
Stanford Prison Experiment, was the formation of an organization of staff mem-
bers who worked cooperatively with current and former patients. They became
dedicated to raising the consciousness of the hospital personnel about the way
patients were being mistreated, as well as working at personally improving their
own relationship to patients and of patients' relationship with staff. They came to
realize the power of their "total situation" to transform the behavior of patients
and staff in unwelcome ways, and then in more constructive ways.
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