2 6 0
The Lucifer Effect
two jokes, from the lips of a man, or woman, whom you have recently
been getting to know rather better and whom you hope to know better
still—just at the moment when you are most anxious not to appear crude,
or naive or a prig—the hint will come. It will be the hint of something,
which is not quite in accordance with the technical rules of fair play,
something that the public, the ignorant, romantic public, would never un-
derstand. Something which even the outsiders in your own profession are
apt to make a fuss about, but something, says your new friend, which
"we"—and at the word "we" you try not to blush for mere pleasure—
something "we always do." And you will be drawn in, if you are drawn in,
not by desire for gain or ease, but simply because at that moment, when
the cup was so near your lips, you cannot bear to be thrust back again into
the cold outer world. It would be so terrible to see the other man's face—
that genial, confidential, delightfully sophisticated face—turn suddenly
cold and contemptuous, to know that you had been tried for the Inner
Ring and rejected. And then, if you are drawn in, next week it will be
something a little further from the rules, and next year something further
still, but all in the jolliest, friendliest spirit. It may end in a crash, a scandal,
and penal servitude; it may end in millions, a peerage and giving the prizes
at your old school. But you will be a scoundrel.
R E S E A R C H R E V E L A T I O N S O F S I T U A T I O N A L P O W E R
The Stanford Prison Experiment is a facet of the broad mosaic of research that re-
veals the power of social situations and the social construction of reality. We have
seen how it focused on power relationships among individuals within an institu-
tional setting. A variety of studies that preceded and followed it have illuminated
many other aspects of h u m a n behavior that are shaped in unexpected ways by
situational forces.
Groups can get us to do things we ordinarily might not do on our own, but
their influence is often indirect, simply modeling the normative behavior that the
group wants us to imitate and practice. In contrast, authority influence is more
often direct and without subtlety: "You do what I tell you to do." But because the
demand is so open and bold-faced, one c a n decide to disobey and not follow the
leader. To see what I mean, consider this question: To what extent would a good,
ordinary person resist against or comply with the demand of an authority figure
that he harm, or even kill, an innocent stranger? This provocative question was
put to experimental test in a controversial study on blind obedience to authority.
It is a classic experiment about which you have probably heard because of its
"shocking" effects, but there is much more of value embedded in its procedures
that we will extract to aid in our quest to understand why good people can be
induced to behave badly. We will review replications and extensions of this clas-
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |