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The Lucifer Effect
It is only through recognizing that we are all subject to the same dynamic
forces in the human condition, that humility takes precedence over unfounded
pride, that we can begin to acknowledge our vulnerability to situational forces. In
this vein, recall John Donne's eloquent framing of our common interrelatedness
and interdependence:
All mankind is of one author, and is one volume; when one man dies, one
chapter is not torn out of the book, but translated into a better language;
and every chapter must be so translated. . . . As therefore the bell that rings
to a sermon, calls not upon the preacher only, but upon the congregation
to come: so this bell calls us all. . . . No man is an island, entire of i t s e l f . . .
any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and
therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.
(Meditations 27)
Classic Research on Conforming to Group Norms
One of the earliest studies on conformity, in 1 9 3 5 , was designed by a social psy-
chologist from Turkey, Muzafer Sherif.
9
Sherif, a recent immigrant to the United
States, believed that Americans in general tended to conform because their
democracy emphasized mutually shared agreements. He devised an unusual
means of demonstrating conformity of individuals to group standards in a novel
setting.
Male college students were individually ushered into a totally dark room in
which there was a stationary spot of light. Sherif knew that without any frame of
reference, such a light appears to move about erratically, an illusion called the
"autokinetic effect." At first, each of these subjects was asked individually to
judge the movement of the light. Their judgments varied widely; some saw move-
ment of a few inches, while others reported that the spot moved many feet. Each
person soon established a range within which most of his reports would fall. Next,
he was put into a group with several others. They gave estimates that varied
widely, but in each group a norm "crystallized" wherein a range of judgments
and an average-norm judgment emerged. After many trials, the other partici-
pants left, and the individual, now alone, was asked again to make estimates of
the movement of the light—the test of his conformity to the new norm estab-
lished in that group. His judgments now fell in this new group-sanctioned range,
"departing significantly from his earlier personal range."
Sherif also used a confederate who was trained to give estimates that varied
in their latitude from a small to a very large range. Sure enough, the naive sub-
ject's autokinetic experience mirrored that of the judgments of this devious con-
federate rather than sticking to his previously established personal perceptual
standard.
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