The Lucifer Effect
people can come to perceive and treat others in such bad ways; how easy
it is for people to treat others who rely on their help or good will as less
than human, as animals, inferior, unworthy of respect or equality. That
experience in the SPE led me to do the pioneering research on burnout—
the psychological hazards of emotionally demanding human service work
that can lead initially dedicated and caring individuals to dehumanize and
mistreat the very people they are supposed to serve. My research has tried
to elucidate the causes and consequences of burnout in a variety of oc-
cupational settings; it has also tried to apply these findings to practical
solutions. I also encourage analysis and change of the situational determi-
nants of burnout rather than focusing on individual personalities of the
human caregivers. So my own story in the Stanford Prison Experiment is
not simply whatever role I played in ending the study earlier than planned,
but my role in beginning a new research program that was inspired by my
personal experience with that unique study.
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I might add that as the flip side to the deindividuation processes that were so
potent in the SPE, Christina has also done pioneering research on its opposite, in-
dividuation, the ways in which people strive for uniqueness.
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Phil Zimbardo. And then there was me. (See notes for status of Curtis Banks and
David Jaffee.
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) The week in the SPE changed my life in many ways, both profes-
sionally and personally. The outcomes that can be traced to the unexpectedly
positive consequences that this experience created for me were vast. My research
was affected, as was my teaching and personal life, and I became a social change
agent for improving prison conditions and highlighting other forms of institu-
tional abuses of power.
My research focus for the following three decades has been stimulated by a
variety of ideas I extracted from this prison simulation. They led me to study shy-
ness, time perspective, and madness. It also changed my approach to teaching.
Please allow me, at this point, to amplify on these three intersecting lines of re-
search and the changes in my teaching style that were all stimulated by the SPE.
Following that, I will reveal in a bit more detail how the experiment also helped to
change my personal life.
Shyness as Self-imposed Prison
What other dungeon is so dark as one's own heart! What jailer
so inexorable as one's self?
—Nathaniel Hawthorne
In our basement jail, prisoners surrendered their basic freedoms in response to
the coercive control of the guards. Yet in real life beyond the laboratory, many
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