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The Lucifer Effect
The initial script for guard or prisoner role-playing came from the partici-
pants' own experiences with power and powerlessness, of their observation of in-
teractions between parents (traditionally, Dad is guard, Mom the prisoner), of
their responses to the authority of doctors, teachers, and bosses, and finally from
the cultural inscriptions written upon them by movie accounts of prison life. So-
ciety had done the training for us. We had only to record the extent of their im-
provisation with the roles they played—as our data.
There is abundant evidence that virtually all of our participants at one time
or another experienced reactions that went well beyond the surface demands of
role-playing and penetrated the deep structure of the psychology of imprison-
ment. Initially, some of the guards' reactions were probably influenced by their
orientation, which outlined the kind of atmosphere we wished to create in order
to simulate the reality of imprisonment'. But whatever general demands those
stage settings may have outlined for them to be "good actors," they should not
have been operative when the guards were in private or believed that we were not
observing them.
Postexperimental reports told us that some guards had been especially brutal
when they were alone with a prisoner on a toilet run outside the Yard, pushing
him into a urinal or against a wall. The most sadistic behaviors we observed took
place during the late-night and early-morning shifts, when, as we learned, the
guards didn't believe that we were observing or recording them, in a sense, when
the experiment was "off." In addition, we have seen that guard abuse of prison-
ers escalated to new, higher levels each day despite the prisoners' nonresistance
and the obvious signs of their deterioration as the full catastrophe of imprison-
ment was achieved. In one taped interview, a guard laughingly recalled apologiz-
ing for having pushed a prisoner on the first day, but by Day 4. he thought
nothing of shoving them around and humiliating them.
Craig Haney's discerning analysis reveals the transformation in the power
infusing the guards. Consider this encounter with one of them that took place
after only a few days into the study:
Just as with the prisoners, I also had interviewed all of [the guards] before
the experiment began and felt I had gotten to know them as individuals,
albeit only briefly. Perhaps because of this, I really felt no hostility toward
them as the study proceeded and their behavior became increasingly
extreme and abusive. But it was obvious to me that because I insisted on
talking privately with the prisoners—ostensibly "counseling" them, and
occasionally instructed the guards to refrain from their especially harsh
and gratuitous mistreatment, they now saw me as something of a traitor.
Thus, describing an interaction with me. one of the guards wrote in his
diary: "The psychologist rebukes me for handcuffing and blindfolding a
prisoner before leaving the (counseling) office, and I resentfully reply that
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