Bog'liq The Lucifer Effect Understanding How Good People Turn Evil ( PDFDrive )
The SPE's M e a n i n g and Messages 2 1 5 were socialized away from their usual healing role into the new role, assisting
with killing, by means of a group consensus that their behavior was necessary for
the common good, which led them to adopt several extreme psychological de-
fenses against facing the reality of their complicity in the mass murder of Jews.
Again we turn to the detailed account of these processes by social psychiatrist
Robert Jay Lifton.
When a new doctor would come on the scene and be initially horrified by
what he witnessed, he would ask:
"How can these things be done here?" Then there was something like
a general answer . . . which clarified everything. What is better for him
[the prisoner]—whether he croaks [verreckt] in shit or goes to heaven
in [a cloud of] gas? And that settled the whole matter for the initiates
[Eingeweihten]. Mass killing was the unyielding fact of life to which everyone was ex-
pected to adapt.
Framing the genocide of the Jews as the "Final Solution" (Endlôsung) served
a dual psychological purpose: "it stood for mass murder without sounding or feel-
ing like it; and it kept the focus primarily on problem solving." It transformed the
whole matter into a difficult problem that had to be solved by whatever means
were necessary to achieve a pragmatic goal. The intellectual exercise deleted emo-
tions and compassion from the doctor's daily rounds.
However, their job in selecting inmates for annihilation was both so "oner-
ous, so associated with extraordinary evil" that these highly educated doctors
had to utilize every possible psychological defense against avoiding the reality of
their complicity in these murders. For some, "psychic numbing," detaching affect
from cognition, became the norm; for others there was a schizophrenic solution
of "doubling." The polarities of cruelty and decency in the same doctor at differ-
ent times would "call forth two radically different psychological constellations
within the self: one based on 'values generally accepted' and the education and
background of a 'normal person'; the other based on 'this [Nazi-Auschwitz] ide-
ology with values quite different from those generally accepted.' " These twin ten-
dencies shifted back and forth from day to day.
1 9
Reciprocal Roles and Their Scripts
It is also the case that some roles require reciprocal partnerships; for the guard
role to have meaning, somebody has to play prisoner. One can't be a prisoner un-
less someone is willing to be the guard. In the SPE, no explicit training was re-
quired for the performance of roles, no manual of best practices. Recall on Day 1
the awkwardness of the guards and the prisoners' frivolity as each were feeling
out their new strange roles. However, very soon, our participants were able to slip
easily into their roles as the nature of the power differential at the base of the
guard-prisoner symbiosis became clearer.