P u t t i n g the System on Trial 441
Colonel James walked the grounds at night and at random times, talking
with guards and staff, always being cognizant of abuses, wrongdoing, or conduct
inconsistent with good order and discipline. He worked personally to stop prob-
lems or misconduct, or, if he could not resolve any issue, reported his concerns
directly to the general.
After examining every aspect of the prison, Colonel James established the fol-
lowing seven layers of Prison Oversight and Rules Governing the Treatment and
Interrogation of Prisoners at Abu Ghraib Prison, presumably to be extended to
other facilities:
1. There must be supervision by senior officers at all times, including night
shifts.
2. "Interrogations" must be replaced by "interviews" following the model of
a U.S. detective investigation at a police headquarters. One person alone
must never conduct the interviews; there must be at least two present in
the interview booth, the interviewer and translator, at a minimum. This
way they can check on each other and have dual feedback available.
3. A written "no-go" policy must make explicit what actions are prohibited
and what are permitted during these prisoner interviews, eliminating any
ambiguity about what can and cannot be done or justified.
4. Mandatory "mission-specific training" must be required of all those in-
volved in these interviews.
5. Interview booths must be open to surveillance through one-way observa-
tion mirrors enabling viewing from hall corridors by officers and others,
and all interviews must be videotaped for subsequent analysis and admin-
istrative review.
6. Military police will regularly rove the entire facility at random intervals,
reporting regularly to higher-ups and making guards and interviewers
aware that they are always under surveillance. (James also arranged for
two military psychologists to be his "roving ambassadors" in this way.)
7. Multiple layers of supervision and oversight are required, with medical
inspection of each prisoner interviewed, pre- and again postinterview, to
3. Keep everything legal; meet all principles of the Uniformed Code of Mili-
tary Justice.
4. Keep everything ethical; be sure no one is ever harmed, and continually
ask, "Did I do anything to violate the ethical standards of the American
Psychological Association?"
5. Make interrogations effective; create conditions that transform "interro-
gations" into detectivelike "interviews" of inmates that are designed to
acquire the intelligence necessary to save American lives in nonabusive
ways.
442
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