Putting the System on Trial
439
version of the Alien and Sedition Acts," according to a New York Times editorial
(September 2 8 , 2 0 0 6 ) . Where is the outrage by citizens and freedom loving peo-
ple everywhere?
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M E M B E R S O F T H E J U R Y , Y O U R V E R D I C T , P L E A S E
You have read here the testimony of many eyewitnesses as well as key sections of
the summary reports by the major independent investigative panels, along with
parts of the extensive analyses by Human Rights Watch, the Red Cross, the ACLU,
Amnesty International, and PBS's Frontline about the nature of the abuse and
torture of prisoners in the custody of the U.S. Military.
Do you now believe that the mistreatment of detainees in Abu Ghraib's Tier
1A by Sergeant Ivan "Chip" Frederick and the other MPs on night shift duty was
an aberration, an isolated incident caused solely by a few "bad apples," allegedly
"rogue soldiers"?
Further, do you now believe that such abuse and torture was or was not part
of a "systematic" program of coercive interrogation? Did the extent of the abuses
and torture in these interrogations go far deeper and well beyond the limited time,
place, and set of actors in the Abu Ghraib Tier 1A night shift?
Given the acknowledged guilt of those MPs charged with the photographed
abuses, do you now believe that there were sufficient situational forces (a "bad
barrel") and system pressures ("bad barrel makers") acting on them that should
have mitigated the extent of their prison sentences?
Are you willing and ready to make a judgment of complicity in the abuses at
Abu Ghraib and many other military facilities and secretly run CIA jails of each of
the following high-ranking members of the military command: Major General
Geoffrey Miller, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez, Colonel Thomas Pappas,
and Lieutenant Colonel Steven Jordan?
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Are you willing and ready to make a judgment of complicity in the abuses at
Abu Ghraib and many other military facilities and secretly run CIA jails of each of
the following top members of the political command: former CIA director George
Tenet and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld?
Are you willing and ready to make a judgment of complicity in the abuses at
Abu Ghraib and many other military facilities and secretly run CIA jails of each of
the following top members of the political command: Vice President Dick Cheney
and President George W. Bush?
The Prosecution Rests
(However, you might also want to look at a note about a recent tribunal that tried
the Bush administration for its "crimes against humanity."
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)
While you are deliberating, consider this final section about a positive attempt by
the military system to acknowledge the necessity of proper guard training and ef-
440
The Lucifer Effect
fective institutional constraints on abuses of power in interrogating prisoners.
Had such procedures been in place from the start, it is likely that the abuses at
Abu Ghraib would not have happened.
T H E S P E G O E S T O A B U G H R A I B A S A T R A I N I N G G U I D E
A G A I N S T P O W E R O V E R L O A D A N D H U M A N I T Y O U T A G E S
On the long flight from Hawaii to Baghdad, Army Colonel Larry James watched
the DVD of the Stanford Prison Experiment, Quiet Rage, over and over, maybe "as
many as twenty-four times." "What did Zimbardo do wrong?" "What should he
have done differently to prevent the abuses in his prison?" He raised these ques-
tions because he was en route to a special mission: Fix Abu Ghraib! Dr. James is a
distinguished clinical psychologist, who for years was chair of the Department of
Psychology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center. He was given this unique task in
May 2 0 0 4 , at the command of Major General Geoffrey Miller, with whom he had
worked in the Guantânamo Bay Prison. (Yes. the very same general whose earlier
strategies and tactics had done so much damage in the prisons in both Cuba and
Iraq.)
As chief behavioral science director, James reported directly to Major General
Miller. As one of the highest-ranking officers in the prison, James was able to get
his policies and procedures enacted almost immediately. I had given James several
sets of our newly made DVD when I learned he was headed to Abu Ghraib. He had
suggested that I join him on the mission, but I was too fearful of the danger to go
with him. I would have gladly joined him had it not been for the lethal environ-
ment that existed in that prison and throughout Iraq. I interviewed James upon
his return, asking him what he had decided would be the best set of prevention
strategies to safeguard against new abuses.
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In general, his goal was to set up procedures that would create and maintain
good order and discipline in this prison setting and would meet the criteria of the
American Correctional Association. He arranged for site visits at Abu Ghraib
Prison and also at Camp Bucca by an Army lieutenant colonel who was the chief
of the Behavioral Science Department, Disciplinary Barracks (Leavenworth,
Kansas), and also by a site reviewer for the American Correctional Association.
All of their findings and recommendations were implemented. Because of their
survey of conditions, a mental health hospital was built for the prisoners and a
large team of mental health professionals was detailed to Abu Ghraib to provide
services to detainees—for the first time.
Next, he established some basic ground rules for himself:
1. Do no harm.
2. Keep everything safe: physically and psychologically: health care should
mirror the standards adopted by the American Correctional Association.
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