Resisting Situational Influences and Celebrating Heroism 449
toward ever-more-positive, prosocial actions. Instead of the paradigm arranged
to facilitate a slow descent into evil, we could substitute a paradigm for a slow as-
cent into goodness. How could we formulate an experimental setting in which
that was possible? Let us design such a thought experiment. To begin, imagine
that we arrange for each participant a hierarchy of experiences or actions that
range from slightly more positive acts than he or she is used to doing to ever-
more-extreme "good" actions. The extremes of virtue push him or her upward all
the way to engaging in actions that at first seemed unimaginable.
There might be a time-based dimension in the design for those busy citizens
who do not practice virtue because they have convinced themselves that they just
don't have time to spare for good deeds. The first "button" on the "Goodness Gen-
erator" might be to spend ten minutes writing a thank-you note to a friend or a
get-well card to a colleague. The next level might demand twenty minutes of giv-
ing advice to a troubled child. Increasing the pressure in this paradigm might
then entail the participant's agreeing to give thirty minutes of his time to read a
story to an illiterate housekeeper. Then the altruism scale moves upward to
spending an hour tutoring a needy student, then to babysitting for a few hours to
allow a single parent to visit her sick mother, working for an evening in a soup
kitchen, helping unemployed veterans, devoting part of a day to taking a group of
orphaned children to the zoo, being available to talk with returning wounded vet-
erans, and on and on upward, a step-by-step commitment to giving precious time
every week to ever-more-worthy causes. Providing social models along the way
who are already engaged in the requested task, or who take the initiative to ante
up to the next level, should work to encourage obedience to virtuous authority,
should it not? It's worth a try, especially since, as far as I know, nothing like this
experiment has ever been done.
Ideally, our experiment in social goodness would end when the person was
doing something that he or she could never have imagined doing before. Our
goodness track could also include contributions to creating a healthy and sus-
tainable environment that might go from minimal acts of conservation or recy-
cling to ever more substantial activities, such as giving money, time, and personal
involvement to "green" causes. I invite you to expand on this notion in a host of
domains in which society would benefit as more citizens "went all the way"—
doing good without any supporting ideology, for, as we know from dissonance
theory, beliefs follow behavior. Get people to perform good actions, and they will
generate the necessary underlying principles to justify them. Talmudic scholars
are supposed to have preached not to require that people believe before they pray,
only to do what is needed to get them to begin to pray; then they will come to be-
lieve in what and to whom they are praying.
Research Supports a Reverse-Milgram Altruism Effect
As noted, this reverse-Milgram experiment has never been done. Suppose we ac-
tually attempted to perform such an experiment in the laboratory or, better yet. in
4 5 0
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |